In allografts, prominent mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was seen and adaptive Th1 and Th17 alloresponses were increased. Cyclosporine treatment reduced tracheal occlusion and inhibited both tolerogenic and pro-inflammatory T-cell responses in allografts.

CONCLUSIONS: Ischemia induced a self-limiting, alloantigen-independent innate immune response in https://www.selleckchem.com/products/epacadostat-incb024360.html syngrafts. In allografts, the predominant

pro-inflammatory milieu and alloantigen-dependent Th1 and Th17 responses were linked to the development of obliterative airway disease and were inhibited by cyclosporine treatment. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:707-16 (C) 2011 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Polydrug use potentially increases the likelihood

of harm. As little is known about polydrug use patterns in the general population, it is difficult to determine patterns associated with highest likelihood.

Methods: Latent class analysis was performed on nine illicit substance groups indicating past year use of cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, LSD, mushrooms, amyl nitrate, Tozasertib tranquillisers and heroin or crack. Analyses were based on data from a large multi-stage probability sample of the population of Great Britain (n=8538) collected in 2000. Multinomial logistic regression was performed highlighting associations between classes, and demographic and mental health variables.

Results: A three class solution best described patterns of polydrug use; wide range, moderate range, and no polydrug use. For males and young people, there was a significantly increased chance of being in the wide and moderate range polydrug use groups compared to the no polydrug use class. Hazardous

drinking was more likely in the wide and moderate polydrug classes with odds ratios of 9.99 and 2.38 (respectively) compared to the no polydrug use class. Current SC79 concentration smokers were more likely to be wide and moderate range polydrug users compared to the no polydrug use class with odds ratios of 4.53 and 5.85 respectively. A range of mental health variables were also related to class membership.

Conclusions: Polydrug use in Great Britain can be expressed as three distinct classes. Hazardous alcohol use and tobacco use were strongly associated with illicit polydrug use, polydrug use appeared to be significantly associated with mental health, particularly lifetime suicide attempts. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Populations with multiple morphological or behavioural types provide unique opportunities for studying the causes and consequences of evolutionary diversification. A population of the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) at El Garrapatero on Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, features two beak size morphs.

Conclusion. Short-term treatment with alfacalcidol did not induce regression of LVH; however, left ventricular function became hyperdynamic but less effective in patients with CKD. This could be problematic in the long term.”
“Effective malaria control requires information on both the geographical

distribution of malaria risk and the effectiveness of malaria interventions. The current standard for estimating malaria infection and impact indicators are household cluster surveys, but their complexity and expense selleck inhibitor preclude frequent and decentralized monitoring. This paper reviews the historical experience and current rationale for the use of schools and school children as a complementary, inexpensive framework for planning, monitoring and evaluating malaria control in Africa. Consideration is given to (i) the selection GDC-0941 price of schools; (ii) diagnosis of infection in schools; (iii) the representativeness of schools as a proxy of the communities they serve; and (iv) the increasing need to evaluate interventions delivered through schools. Finally, areas requiring further investigation are highlighted.”
“Objective. Kidney biopsy is an important diagnostic tool in assessing glomerular damage. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of glomerular disease during the past decade at a single centre, to assess potential changes in the structure

of primary glomerulopathies over time, and to define gender-and age-related differences. Material and methods. A total of 578 consecutive native kidney biopsies during the period 2000-2010 was retrospectively reviewed at Tartu University Hospital, Estonia. Biopsies were evaluated according to clinical data with standard histological methods. Results. The patients’ mean age was 39.9 +/- 17.9 (range 4-87) years. Less than half of informative kidney biopsies

(n = 547) comprised primary glomerulopathies (45.4%), the patients’ mean age was 38.7 +/- 17.7 (4-79) years and the predominant Selleck VX-689 group comprised male patients. Secondary glomerulopathies made up 22.3%, tubulointerstitial diseases 8.2% and other conditions 24.1%. Among primary glomerulopathies, inflammatory damage to glomeruli dominated (63.4%), whereas immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy was the most common disease (35.5%). Non-inflammatory diseases of glomeruli made up 34.6%, among which the most common was focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (16.1%), followed by minimal change disease (14.1%). Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was a rare form of glomerular damage among primary glomerulopathies (7.7%). Comparison between male and female cases in the primary glomerulopathies group revealed a statistically significant difference in their frequency (p = 0.01). Conclusions. Inflammatory glomerulopathies mostly prevailed in the spectrum of primary glomerulopathies. IgA nephropathy was the most common glomerulopathy.

Both clinical assessments were performed on the intent-to-treat (ITT) population within each study.

Results: Single-arm trial: Supplementation with

NEM (R) produced a significant treatment response at seven days for flexibility (27.8% increase; P = 0.038) and at 30 days for general pain (72.5% reduction; P = 0.007), flexibility (43.7% increase; P = 0.006), and ROM-associated pain (75.9% reduction; P = 0.021). Double-arm trial: Supplementation with NEM (R) produced a significant treatment response for pain at seven days for both treatment arms (X: 18.4% reduction; P = 0.021. Y: 31.3% reduction; P = 0.014). There was no clinically meaningful difference between treatment arms at seven days, so the DMXAA in vivo Y arm crossed over to the X formulation for the remainder of the study. The significant treatment response continued through 30 days for pain (30.2% reduction; P = Selleck G418 0.0001). There were no adverse events reported during either study and the treatment was reported to be well tolerated by study participants.

Conclusions: Natural Eggshell Membrane (NEM (R)) is a possible new effective and safe therapeutic option for the treatment of pain and inflexibility associated with joint and connective tissue (JCT) disorders. Supplementation with NEM (R), 500 mg taken once daily, significantly reduced pain, both rapidly (seven days) and continuously (30 days). It also showed clinically meaningful results

from a brief responder analysis, demonstrating that significant proportions of treated patients may be helped Selleckchem Compound Library considerably from NEM (R) supplementation. The Clinical Trial Registration numbers for these trials are: NCT00750230 and NCT00750854.”
“Background: Surgical procedures with use of traditional techniques to reposition the proximal femoral epiphysis in the treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis are associated with a high rate of femoral head osteonecrosis. Therefore, most surgeons advocate in situ fixation of the slipped epiphysis with acceptance of any persistent

deformity in the proximal part of the femur. This residual deformity can lead to secondary osteoarthritis resulting from femoroacetabular cam impingement.

Methods: We retrospectively assessed the cases of twenty-three patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis after surgical correction with a modified Dunn procedure, an approach that included surgical hip dislocation. The study reviewed the clinical status and radiographs made at the time of surgery, as well as the intraoperative findings. At a minimum follow-up of twenty-four months after surgery, the motion of the treated hip was compared with the motion of the contralateral hip, and the radiographic findings related to the anatomy of the femoral head-neck junction, as well as signs of early osteoarthritis or osteonecrosis, were evaluated.

Results: Twenty-one patients had excellent clinical and radiographic outcomes with respect to hip function and radiographic parameters.

Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using standard noncompartmental methods.

Results: Median maximum this website plasma moxifloxacin concentration was 5.86 mg/L at a median time of 1.25 hours. In serum, median area under the concentration-time curve (AUC(0 -> inf)) was 157.95 +/- 100.34 mg . hour/L, median t1/2 25.00 hours, median clearance 2.54 L/hour, and median distribution volume 94.90 L. Median peritoneal fluid-to-plasma ratio of moxifloxacin ranged between 0.84 and 1.00, denoting adequate penetration and lack of considerable moxifloxacin removal during CAPD. Maximum moxifloxacin concentration/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and AUC(0 -> 24)/MIC

ratios were above the cutoff points that indicate clinical success.

Conclusion: A single 400 mg oral dose of moxifloxacin is safe, presents rapid peritoneal fluid penetration, has similar plasma and peritoneal fluid pharmacokinetics, and should therefore be efficacious in the treatment of CAPD-induced peritonitis.”
“This study was designed to assess the effect of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy on left-ventricular (LV) chamber size and function in children with idiopathic isolated growth hormone deficiency (GHD) using conventional echocardiography Idasanutlin and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Thirty patients (19 boys and 11 girls) with idiopathic isolated GHD were followed-up

for 12 months. Mean age of patients was 11.0 +/- A 2.6 years (range 6.3-15.5). At baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment, the structure of the left ventricle was assessed by conventional echocardiography and myocardial rates and time intervals by TDI. There was a significant increase in LV mass (LVM) compared with pretreatment values. Like LVM, relative wall thickness (RWT) was also increased significantly.

The significant increase in LVM indexed to body surface area and RWT became apparent at month 3 of treatment with a significant increase in LVM indexed to height(2.7) at treatment month 6. Normalized LVM increased as early month 3 of treatment, and a steady increase was observed until month 12. However, no patient had LVM > +2 standard deviation scores at month 12 of treatment. No significant differences were observed in functional parameters of the left ventricle and the interventricular septum. The results of this study showed that rhGH therapy causes an increase in myocardial mass Nec-1s without changing the geometry or function of the myocardium. Therefore, the increase in myocardial mass appears to be concentric, thus causing remodeling instead of hypertrophy.”
“We report a case of diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) complicated by peripheral T cell lymphoma not otherwise specified. A 40-year-old Chinese man presented with intermittent fever, cough and significant white sputum production for more than 9 years, in addition to dyspnea and chest congestion that worsened after exercise. A chest CT scan indicated diffuse centrilobular fine nodular opacities with a ‘tree-inbud’ appearance in both lungs.

By changing the scan velocity and the fluence of the femtosecond laser, the formation of the PL band between the orange (600 nm) and red bands (near 680 nm) could be controlled. The red band PL from the photoinduced microstructures on the black silicon was observed even without annealing due to the thermal accumulation of high-repetition rate femtosecond laser pulses. The orange band PL was easily quenched under 532 nm cw laser irradiation, whereas the red band PL was more stable; this can be attributed to “”defect luminescence”" and “”quantum confinement”", respectively. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3641976]“
“.

Entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) are potent nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs) recommended as first-line monotherapies for chronic hepatitis Panobinostat nmr B. In Phase III trials, ETV and TDF demonstrated superior

efficacy, and comparable safety compared with other NUCs. In long-term clinical studies, both drugs CA3 chemical structure achieved virologic response rates of around 95%, with very low rates of resistance development and good safety profiles. Clinical trials are conducted under standardized conditions with strict enrolment criteria that limit the heterogeneity of study populations. Real-life populations tend to be composed of a wider range of patients, often older and with different morbidities, comorbidities that may impact treatment efficacy and co-factors, such as smoking and alcohol intake, which can have a direct impact on disease progression. Real-life studies provide better representations of everyday clinical STAT inhibitor practice and are important to confirm the results reported in clinical studies and to identify rare or late-emerging adverse events. In five real-life studies of ETV in more than 1000 patients, up to 4 years of treatment

resulted in virologic responses in 7696% of patients. Two real-life studies of TDF reported response rates of 7192% after up to 21 months of treatment. Low incidences of drug resistance and favourable tolerabilities were reported for both drugs, thus confirming the results from registration trials.”
“Background: Experimental and observational studies have suggested that folate may play dual roles in colorectal cancer risk depending on the timing and dose.

Objective: We examined the latency between folate intake and the incidence of colorectal cancer.

Design: We prospectively examined associations between folate intake assessed every 2 to 4 y by using validated food-frequency questionnaires and risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma in the Nurses’ Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, which included 2299 incident colorectal cancers and 5655 colorectal adenomas from 1980 to 2004.

Results: There was an association between total folate intake 12-16 y before diagnosis and lower risk of colorectal cancer (relative risk: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.

More studies are needed to evaluate the validity of TEG in the prediction of bleeding risk and the safety of this regional technique in a mildly coagulopathic patients.”
“Systemic

lupus erythematosus in some cases is characterized for development of thrombotic events with a significantly increased risk of mortality. The frequencies and clinical associations of Ser(413)/Cys(413) PAI-2 polymorphism in 40 systemic lupus erythematosus, 50 rheumatoid arthritis patients, and 100 healthy subjects frequency were investigated. The Ser(413)/Ser(413) genotype was 53% (lupus), 36% (rheumatoid arthritis), and 35% (healthy subjects). The Ser(413) allele was associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (P =.04, odds ratio 1.76, 95% confidence interval = 1,01-3.06). PI3K inhibitor In all, 4 patient carriers of Ser(413)/Ser(413) genotype, developed thrombotic events. The lupus patients identified with Ser(413)/Ser(413) genotype showed an increased damage (57%), compared with Ser(413)/Cys(413) and Cys(413)/Cys(413)

genotypes, with significant difference (P =.03). These findings suggest an association ATM Kinase Inhibitor of Ser(413)/Ser(413) genotype with greater damage index score and Ser(413) allele with Systemic lupus erythematosus. Besides, PAI-2 polymorphism Could be related with thrombotic phenomena in systemic lupus erythematosus”
“Background: Cardiovascular diseases represent the major cause of mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. HD increases oxidative stress and oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a crucial step in the development of atherosclerosis. Vitamin E has been shown to reduce LDL oxidation. Our aim was to test the effect of a single HD BTSA1 inhibitor session and chronic vitamin E supplementation on LDL oxidizability in HD patients.

Methods: LDL susceptibility to copper-induced oxidation (lag-phase, LP) was measured in 19 HD patients, both immediately before and after hemodialysis; 18 age-matched healthy subjects served as controls. Both pre-HD and post-HD measurements were repeated after 12 weeks of vitamin E supplementation (800 IU/day)

in a placebo-controlled, randomized design.

Results: At baseline, HD patients showed hypertriglyceridemia, a significant triglyceride enrichment in LDL and HDL and an enhanced LDL resistance to oxidation (186 +/- 6 vs. 163 +/- 4 min, p<0.003). A single HD session decreased (to 172 +/- 6 min, or -8%, p<0.002), and chronic vitamin E administration increased, LDL resistance to oxidation (+19%, p = 0.002 vs. placebo) without changing the serum lipid profile or lipoprotein lipid composition.

Conclusions: We conclude that in patients on chronic hemodialysis, hypertriglyceridemia and triglyceride enrichment of LDL and HDL particles are associated with increased resistance of LDL to in vitro oxidation despite the fact that each dialysis session acutely increases LDL oxidizability. Vitamin E supplementation improves LDL resistance to oxidation without modifying circulating lipid levels and partitioning.

At the first consultation the GPs registered symptoms, results of otoscopy and tympanometry, together with diagnosis and treatment. The children were followed up four weeks later.

Results: VX-765 cell line Sleep problems at inclusion are statistically significant associated with having one or more symptom after four weeks in children between 0 and 2 years (OR: 2.02 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24-3.31)). If the result of tympanometry is a flat curve, the OR for being referred is 3.24 (CI: 1.61-6.55) in children between 0 and 2 years compared to children without a flat curve. The OR for being referred in children between 2 and 7 years with a flat curve is 8.94

(CI: 4.18-19.11) when compared to children without a flat curve.

Conclusion: Sleep problems at inclusion were the only symptom statistically significant associated with having one or more symptoms after four weeks in children between 0 and 2 years. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“”"Alternatives for

the Treatment of Schistosomiasis: Physico-Chemical Characterization of an Inclusion Complex Between Praziquantel and Hydroxypropyl-beta-Cyclodextrin”". Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice commonly used for the treatment BAY 1895344 of shistosomiasis. However, it has low aqueous solubility, which could limit its bioavailability in the body. To circumvent these features, an inclusion complex with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) was prepared. Thus, the objective of this work was to prepare and characterize the PZQ/HP-beta-CD AZD4547 order inclusion complex. Morphological, spectroscopic, and calorimetric analysis showed the first signs of the guest/host interaction. The complexation kinetic analysis was used to determine

the kinetic constant and, besides that, it was possible to establish the time consumed to reach equilibrium. Using the solubility isotherm, it was observed that the interaction with HP-beta-CD increased 2.4 fold the aqueous solubility of plain PZQ. In vitro cytotoxicity tests, using fibroblast cells, evidenced no toxicity for these cells at the concentrations tested. These results demonstrated that there is a potential use of PZQ in formulations with HP-beta-CD.”
“Objectives: Cochlear implantation is a well established treatment method in severe to profound hearing impaired people. Hearing devices do not cure hearing loss, but correct the disability, so it is important to assess the benefits not only on auditory-verbal performances but in terms of health-related quality of life.

Materials and methods: We evaluated the health-related quality of life in a cochlear implant group (84 patients), split into two subgroups, according to the age of implantation and compared with a hearing aided group (50 patients). We used the Nijmegen cochlear implant HRQoL questionnaire which was sent to the parents.

(C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3641972]“
“The quality of life (QOL) of individuals with well-controlled epilepsy (WCE) is often not considered. We therefore investigated predictors determining QOL in patients who had been seizure free at least 1 year on stable antiepileptic drug (AED) monotherapy. They were asked to S63845 complete self-report health questionnaires, including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Adverse Event Profile (AEP), and Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory-31 (QOLIE-31). We looked for predictors of QOLIE-31 scores among the various demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical

factors and BDI, and AEP scores. Depression symptoms were manifested by 18.7% of patients. People with depression symptoms were more likely to report adverse events than those without depression symptoms. The strongest

predictor of QOL was BDI score, followed by AEP total score, years of education, and income. BDI score had 3.37 times the effect of AEP total GSK1838705A score. In conclusion, QOL of patients with WCE is determined mainly by depressive symptoms. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Ricart MJ, Oppenheimer F, Andres A, Morales JM, Alonso A, FernAndez C, on behalf of the Epi-trasplante Study, MIDATA KidneyPancreas Sub-study Group. Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in de novo and maintenance kidneypancreas transplant recipients. ?Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01526.x. Tariquidar molecular weight (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Background: Our objective was to describe efficacy and safety of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) in de novo and maintenance recipients of kidneypancreas transplant in the clinical practice. Methods: Observational, multicentre, prospective,

12-month study. Results: We included 24 de novo and 24 maintenance patients. EC-MPS mean (+/- SD) doses at initiation in de novo patients were 1440 +/- 0 vs. 1268 +/- 263 mg/d at month 12 (M12). Patient and renal graft survival at one yr were 100%, and pancreatic graft survival was 83.3% (two losses owing to technical failure and two owing to rejection). In the maintenance cohort, EC-MPS was introduced at a median (P25P75) of 30 (671) months after transplant. Baseline doses were 585 +/- 310 vs. 704 +/- 243 mg/d at M12. In this group, a significant increase in creatinine clearance was observed (65 +/- 22 at baseline vs. 74 +/- 20 mL/min at M12, p = 0.011). Patient, renal, and pancreatic graft survival were 100%, 95.8%, and 100%, respectively (one kidney graft loss owing to rejection). During follow-up, one patient from each group discontinued EC-MPS.

Immunohistochemically, tumor nests stained positive for synaptophysin, chromogranin, N-CAM (CD56), and neuron-specific enolase. Strong positivity was seen for K14 and K17 in the squamous component and for K7 in the neuroendocrine component. Both components showed K19 staining. selleck Cells with squamous differentiation and K14 staining occasionally expressed p63. The patient showed no evidence of disease as of 23 months postoperatively. Given the aggressive characteristics of neuroendocrine

carcinoma, strict follow-up has been performed. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: e34-e39)”
“Prehypertension is considered to be associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD), and some data suggest that insulin resistance is common in this group. The goal of this study was to quantify insulin action by determining the steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration during selleck inhibitor the insulin suppression test in apparently healthy individuals

with prehypertension (n=126) and to elucidate the relationship between insulin action and CVD risk. We found a marked heterogeneity in insulin sensitivity in the prehypertension group, and when we divided the population into insulin-sensitive, insulin-resistant and intermediate groups, there were significant (p<0.01) increases in plasma glucose and triglyceride concentrations and decreases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations with progressive degrees of insulin resistance. These data show that at least one-third of patients with prehypertension are insulin resistant, display the accompanying metabolic abnormalities, and merit enhanced surveillance and intensive efforts at therapeutic intervention to prevent CVD.”
“Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) most commonly occurs as a localized solitary

bone lesion and appears predominantly in pediatric patients. LCH is characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of Langerhans cells which may cause pain and adjacent soft-tissue swelling. Stem Cells & Wnt inhibitor This disease is of clinical importance to dental professionals because LCH commonly involves the oral and maxillofacial region and early symptoms can be manifested in the jaw and, when overlooked, may result in extensive destruction of the involved structures. Considering the fact that this is a relatively rare entity, close investigation of the cases that are encountered are warranted. Herein we report a case of LCH occurring in the left condyle of an 11-year-old boy that initially showed clinical symptoms mimicking an abscess of the temporomandibular joint. The clinical and radiographic features, differential diagnosis, treatment, and long-term follow-up of this patient with indomethacin are presented. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: e13-e21)”
“Background: Altered serotonergic neural transmission is hypothesized to be a susceptibility factor for psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia.

“
“The objectives of this research were to prepare celecoxib proniosomes and evaluate the influence of proniosomal formulation on the oral bioavailability of the drug

in human volunteers. Anew proniosomal delivery system for a poorly water-soluble drug such as celecoxib was developed and subjected to in vitro and in vivo studies. Proniosomes were prepared by sequential spraying method, which consisted of cholesterol, span 60, and dicetyl phosphate in a molar ratio of 1:1: 0.1, respectively. The average entrapment percent of celecoxib proniosome-derived niosomes was about 95%. The prepared proniosomes showed marked enhancement in the dissolution of celecoxib as compared to pure drug CB-5083 powder. The bioavailability of 200 mg single dose of both celecoxib proniosomal formulation and a conventional marketed celecoxib Selleck Ipatasertib capsule was studied in human volunteers. The obtained results show that the proniosomal formulation significantly improved the extent of

celecoxib absorption than conventional capsule. The mean relative bioavailability of the proniosomal formulation to the conventional capsule was 172.06 +/- 0.14%. The mean T(max) for celecoxib was prolonged when given as proniosomal capsule. There was no significant difference between the values of K(el) and t(1/2) for both celecoxib preparations. In conclusion, the proniosomal oral delivery system of celecoxib with improved bioavailability was established.”
“Dicyandiamide (DICY)-cured epoxy resins are important materials for structural adhesives and matrix resins for fiber-reinforced prepregs. Dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with heating rates

of 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 degrees C/min was used to study the curing behavior of the epoxy prepreg Hexply 1454 system, which consisted of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, DICY, and Urone reinforced by glass fibers. The curing kinetic parameters were determined with three different methods and compared. These were the Kissinger, Ozawa, and Borchardt-Daniels kinetic approaches. The lowest activation energy (76.8 kJ/mol) was obtained with the Kissinger GSK2245840 method, whereas the highest value (87.9 kJ/mol) was obtained with the Borchardt-Daniels approach. The average pre-exponential factor varied from 0.0947 x 10(9) to 2.60 x 10(9) s(-1). The orders of the cure reaction changed little with the heating rate, so the effect of the heating rate on the reaction order was not significant. It was interesting that the overall reaction order obtained from all three methods was nearly constant (congruent to 2.4). There was good agreement between all of the methods with the experimental data.