ABO-incompatible donors were accepted for 63 patients; 14 recipients MG-132 nmr (18%) of an ABO-incompatible donor kidney were distributed across 12 loops that resulted in 31 recipients being transplanted. Thus, without ABO-incompatible matching, only 49 recipients in 19 chains would have been transplanted. Conclusion: KPD using virtual

crossmatch is a valid and effective solution for patients with immunologically incompatible donors even in the context of highly sensitised recipients. HAN SEUNGYEUP1,3, KIM YAERIM1, PARK SUNGBAE1,3, KIM HYUNGTAE2,3 1Department of Internal medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine; 2Department of Surgery, Keimyung University School of Medicine; 3Keimyung University Kidney Institute Introduction: Kidney transplantation is the most effective treatment in the patients with chronic kidney disease. Recently, survival rate of allograft kidney has been

markedly increased with developed EPZ6438 immunosuppressant. According to Symphony report published in 2007 and 2009, tacrolimus/MMF showed excellent results than cyclosporin/MMF in allograft function and rejection, but only limited data exist concerning which is better in long-term clinical outcomes. We investigated long term clinical outcomes of tacrolimus/MMF versus cyclosporine/MMF for kidney transplantation recipients. Methods: We compared patient survival rate, graft survival rate, incidence of rejection and metabolic complications between two groups of patients who received immunosuppressant with tacrolimus/MMF and cyclosporin/MMF in kidney transplantation. All patients were received kidney transplantation in Keimyung university Dongsan hospital between Jan. 1997 and Dec. 2003 and followed up over 10 years. Total of 177 patients were included. Results: Among 177 patients, 116 were treated with tacrolimus/MMF, 61 patients with cyclosporin/MMF. Mean follow up duration was 122 months. There Y-27632 2HCl were no significant difference between two groups in 10 year patient survival rate (90.0% vs. 90.9%) and graft survival rate

(78.9% vs. 71.4%). The incidence rate of acute rejection were higher in cyclosporin/MMF group (23% vs. 29%), but there were no significant difference. New onset diabetes after transplantation was frequent in tacrolimus/MMF group and Cyclosporin/MMF group seemed higher rate of hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Conclusion: There were no differences between tacrolimus/MMF and cyclosporin/MMF as maintenance immunosuppressant in long-term clinical outcomes of kidney transplantation. HIRANO HAJIME1, NOMI HAYAHITO1, UEHARA HIROSHI1, KOMURA KAZUMASA1, MORI TATSUHIKO2, AZUMA HARUHITO1 1Department of Urology, Osaka medical collage; 2Departtment of Nephrology, Osaka medical collage Introduction: In some small islands, there have been no facilities for renal transplants, so that the patients need to leave the island to receive the transplantation.

4 Previous studies on the impact of LUTS on HR-QoL used the general HR-QoL scale such as the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey5 or disease-specific scales,6,7 rather than the King’s Health Questionnaire (KHQ). The KHQ is a multidimensional questionnaire and initially designed for women with urinary incontinence check details in the UK to assess HR-QoL.8 Considering that the KHQ is relatively comprehensive and all items address “bladder problems”, it seems that the KHQ can be a potentially applicable tool for evaluating HR-QoL impact on

people with LUTS. In the recent decade, the KHQ has been validated9 and applied to assess the HR-QoL for Japanese with general LUTS.10–13 The English version of KHQ has also been translated to traditional Chinese by linguistic and clinical validation for patients with overactive bladder by the Taiwanese Continence Society in 2009,14 and limited disease-specific HR-QoL measurement for men with general LUTS has been found in Taiwan. Thus, the present study was conducted to test the reliability and validity of the traditional Chinese version of the KHQ, and understand the impact of LUTS on HR-QoL. This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study with self-administered questionnaires. A convenience sample of people

aged 40 years or older who visited a public health center in Pingtung, Taiwan, between April and June of 2010 were offered the opportunity to participate PLX4032 order in this study. After answering the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire, those with at least scores of 1 in IPSS were asked to complete the KHQ. Of 449 men with LUTS, 56 men (12.5%) did not complete the KHQ survey. Therefore, a final sample of 393 men was resulted. The study was approved by the research ethics committee of the local university and all participants provided informed consent. The IPSS, which Idoxuridine was originally developed by the American Urological

Association for a treatment outcome measure of benign prostate hyperplasia,15 is a popular indicator of the severity of LUTS. The IPSS includes seven questions regarding three filling symptoms (frequency, urgency, and nocturia) and four voiding symptoms (incomplete emptying, intermittent stream, weak urinary stream, straining). Each item has six choices scored from 0 (absence of symptom) to 5 (symptom always present). The total scores ranged from 0 to 35 (poor conditions) and the LUTS severity were categorized as mild (IPSS 1–7), moderate (8–19), or severe (20–35). The HR-QoL was measured by 16 questions derived from the KHQ. According to the methods used in the study by Okamura et al.

Therefore, it might be concluded that neutrophils experience a different apoptosis response over time and in comparison with other cell types of the Daporinad in vivo respiratory compartment. In a first phase of acute injury, a delay in apoptosis would provide neutrophils with a longer life-span, possibly inducing or aggravating

injury as described in patients with sepsis and sepsis-induced ARDS [22]. In a later phase concerning resolution of an injury, apoptosis rate increases. Under hypoxic conditions, apoptosis rate of epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages did not change. Neutrophils, however, again experienced a different reaction regarding apoptosis rate compared to the other cell types. Hypoxia decreased caspase-3 activity in neutrophils after 4 h of exposure, while at time-points of 8 and 24 h caspase-3 activity was increased. Current data indicate that many factors operating at the inflamed site such as hypoxia and acidosis serve a dual function in both priming

and activating neutrophils by delaying apoptosis as well as decreased accumulation and function by increasing apoptosis [23]. As observed for alveolar epithelial cells, activation pathway of apoptosis is not clear in neutrophils. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/SRT1720.html In conclusion, our data show that the three cell types from the respiratory compartment alveolar and trachebronchial epithelial cells as well as alveolar macrophages show the same pattern of apoptosis regarding caspase-3 activity upon exposure to endotoxin and hypoxia. The apoptotic answer of neutrophils, however, is different. The functional implications of these inflammatory answers need to be analysed further. This study was supported by the Olga Mayenfisch Stiftung, Zurich, Switzerland and the Jubiläumsstiftung der Schweizerischen Lebensversicherungs-

Vitamin B12 und Rentenanstalt, Zurich, Switzerland. None. “
“IL-10-producing CD4+ type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells, defined based on their ability to produce high levels of IL-10 in the absence of IL-4, are major players in the induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Tr1 cells inhibit T-cell responses mainly via cytokine-dependent mechanisms. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the suppression of APC by Tr1 cells are still not completely elucidated. Here, we defined that Tr1 cells specifically lyse myeloid APC through a granzyme B (GZB)- and perforin (PRF)-dependent mechanism that requires HLA class I recognition, CD54/lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1 adhesion, and activation via killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) and CD2. Notably, interaction between CD226 on Tr1 cells and their ligands on myeloid cells, leading to Tr1-cell activation, is necessary for defining Tr1-cell target specificity. We also showed that high frequency of GZB-expressing CD4+ T cells is detected in tolerant patients and correlates with elevated occurrence of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells.

d.), while non-parametric data are expressed as median (interquartile range). Statistical significance was defined as P < 0·05 (two-tailed). To investigate the effect of inflammatory conditions

on ASC gene expression, ASC were cultured with alloactivated PBMC or proinflammatory cytokines and full genome expression analysis carried out by microarray. ASC were cultured for 7 days under control conditions and inflammatory conditions, either with alloactivated PBMC (MLR) separated by a transwell membrane or with a proinflammatory cytokine cocktail containing IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6. The gene expression profiles of ASC derived from four different non-pooled donors showed strong clustering within the different treatment groups, as shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1. ASC BMS-777607 that were cultured in the presence of MLR for 7 days showed significant up-regulation of 233 genes and down-regulation of 334 genes compared to ASC cultured under control conditions. ASC that were cultured in the presence of proinflammatory cytokines showed significant up-regulation of 635 genes and down-regulation of 296 genes. Hierarchical clustering demonstrated that gene expression changes in response to both inflammatory stimuli only partly overlapped (Fig. 1a,b),

indicating that ASC respond in a significantly different manner to alloactivated PBMC then Everolimus clinical trial to proinflammatory cytokines. This was evidenced further by the comparison of ASC cultured with MLR with ASC cultured with cytokines, which resulted in the identification of 1080 genes that showed significantly different expression (Fig. 1c). The most significant changes in gene expression are described below. In addition, real-time RT–PCR analysis on four relevant genes (IDO, IL-6, IL-8 and CXCL10) was performed to confirm the data obtained by microarray (data not shown). The pattern of gene expression changes was similar in microarray and RT–PCR

analysis. Only the increase in IDO expression in ASC with MLR was a great deal larger in the RT–PCR analysis than in the microarray analysis. It is well recognized that multiple factors are involved in the immunosuppressive function of ASC [5,15,18,19]. In our hands, there was no up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory factors IL-10, TGF-β, iNOS or haem oxygenase Reverse transcriptase by ASC after culture with MLR or proinflammatory cytokines. There was minor up-regulation of HGF (fourfold) and HLA-G (threefold) (Fig. 2a). However, IDO expression was 394-fold increased by ASC cultured with the inflammatory proinflammatory cytokines. The increase in IDO expression was significantly smaller in ASC cultured with MLR (threefold). In contrast, ASC cultured with MLR had 10-fold increased levels of COX-2, which may result in increased production of anti-inflammatory prostaglandin E2. Increased COX-2 expression was not seen in ASC cultured with proinflammatory cytokines.

Secondary antibodies, either Alexa dye-labeled (Invitrogen) or horseradish peroxidase-conjugated (GE Healthcare), were used for detection. Corticosteroid ointment (0.05% difluprednate; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma) and FK506 ointment (0.1% FK506; Astellas Pharma) were used. Sections for immunostaining were prepared as described 37, 38. All the sections were preincubated in goat (♯00044895; Dako Cytomation) or rabbit (♯T0606; Vector laboratories) preimmune serum. Probing with primary and secondary antibodies was performed as described 37. TSA™ (Tyramide signal amplification) system (NEL702; Perkin Elmer) was used for enhancement of the

immunoreactive signals for CD317 staining. Photographs were taken by using Leica DM IRB microscope (Leica

Microsystems) KU-60019 ic50 attached with DP70 digital camera (Olympus). Images acquired from different fields of a specimen were Enzalutamide clinical trial pieced together by using Adobe Photoshop (Adobe Systems) as necessary. H&E staining was performed on paraffin- or OCT-embedded sections 18, 38. Epidermal thickness of the dorsal skin was determined by averaging the values obtained at 30 independent points of each H&E-stained paraffin section (3 μm thick) prepared from at least three individuals of each group. MPO staining was performed on frozen sections (9 μm thick) as described 39. Cells positively stained in 9-μm-thick sections prepared from at least three individuals of each group were counted in the skin or dermis (250 μm in depth buy MG-132 and 4000 μm in width) or in

the epidermis (1000 μm of the epidermis/dermis border in length). Total cellular RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, RT-PCR, and qRT-PCR were performed as described 19. Relative mRNA levels of each transcript were determined by the ΔΔCt method with the reference gene, β-actin. The primers used are listed in Supporting Information Table 1. Keratinocytes were isolated from the dorsal skin of newborn mice and cultured as described 18. Absence of leukocyte contamination was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis for the CD68, CD205, CD317, CD207, and CD4 mRNAs (data not shown). Cells were incubated in complete culture media containing 10 μM BrdU for 90 min and immunostained for BrdU. The concentration of IL-23 released from primary-cultured keratinocytes to the culture medium for 48 h was determined by ELISA using Quantikine (M2300; R&D Systems). Approximately 20 μg of anti-mouse IL-23 p19 monoclonal antibody (clone G23-8, 16-7232; eBioscience) and isotype control antibody (clone R3-34, 553921; BD pharmingen) were intradermally injected into the right and left ear auricles, respectively, of three 4-wk-old male K5-PLCε-TG mice at days 0 and 5. At day 8, their specimens were prepared for analysis. Data are expressed as the mean±SD.

In MS, the precise distribution of different laminin isoforms is reported to be important for integrin-mediated leucocyte extravasation to the active lesion, where ‘perivascular cuffs’ of inflammatory infiltrates

specifically associate with patches of laminin α4 but not laminin α5 expression [347,348]. In the chronic lesion, increased perivascular expression of fibrillar collagens (types I, III and V) and the SLRPs decorin and biglycan was suggested to reduce monocytic expression of the leucocyte attractant chemokine CCL2 (MCP1) [349]. Similarly to the approaches discussed earlier with regards to traumatic CNS injury, manipulating the BMN 673 cost ECM therefore a represents a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome Palbociclib nmr demyelination (recently reviewed in [350]). Indeed, reduction of CSPG synthesis using xyloside, in vivo, was shown to increase OPC and oligodendrocyte numbers in lesions and improve remyelination in a lysolecithin murine model [351]. Thus, there is promise for future studies to apply ECM modification strategies to models

of MS and it will be of great interest to determine whether these strategies can improve disease pathology and lead to functional repair. The ECM plays a critical role during development and following disease or injury to the CNS. Rather than mere provision of a supportive

environment, the ECM is actively involved in many fundamental processes such as cell signalling, axon guidance and synaptic plasticity. Following disease or damage to the CNS, the composition tuclazepam of the ECM can prove detrimental to axonal regeneration, plasticity and repair. Manipulating the ECM represents a powerful therapeutic approach, with the aim of recapitulating beneficial processes that occur during development and/or reducing negative remodelling after injury, either by targeting specific ECM components or by global targeting of families of ECM molecules. There is now much pre-clinical evidence to suggest that beneficial outcomes can be achieved following traumatic brain and spinal cord injury with therapies involving matrix manipulation and encouragingly, some of these strategies are progressing closer to clinical application. We may only be beginning to understand the complexities of ECM interactions in neurodegenerative disorders but it appears that manipulations of the ECM may well have wide applications in future strategies to promote repair following CNS injury or disease. “
“F. Mori, K. Tanji, Y. Miki, A. Kakita, H. Takahashi and K.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) has been reported to inhibit the maturation of DC, but a clear link between maturation and function has not been elucidated. To understand further the effects of HIV-1 on DC maturation and function, we expanded upon previous investigations and assessed the effects of HIV-1 infection on the expression of surface molecules, carbohydrate endocytosis, antigen presentation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responsiveness over the course of

maturation. In vitro infection with HIV-1 resulted in an increase in the expression of DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) as well as decreases in maturation-induced CCR7 and major histocompatibility complex https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BKM-120.html (MHC)-II expression. Retention of endocytosis that normally occurs with DC maturation as well as inhibition of antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells was also observed. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) responsiveness to LPS as measured by phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 was not affected by HIV-1 infection. In summary, in-vitro HIV-1 impairs Epacadostat solubility dmso DC maturation, as defined by cell surface protein

expression, with selective alterations in mature DC function. Understanding the mechanisms of DC dysfunction in HIV infection will provide further insight into HIV immune pathogenesis. Dendritic cells (DC) are critical mediators of the interaction between the adaptive and innate immune systems and are responsible for the presentation of antigens and co-stimulatory molecules to naive T cells in the secondary lymph organs [1]. When not presenting antigens in the secondary lymph organs, DC are located throughout the body in tissues in an immature form, where they constantly ‘sample’ their environment

for pathogens through pattern recognition receptors [2]. During normal maturation, DC change from antigen capture about cells to antigen-presenting cells [3]. Maturation is characterized by a decrease in phagocytic and pinocytic activities [3] and decreases in the expression of cell surface molecules associated with those functions, including mannose receptors, CD14 and C-type lectin receptors such as DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) [4–6]. These changes are accompanied by concomitant increases in the expression of surface molecules that facilitate antigen presentation and adaptive immune system activation such as CD80, CD86, CD40, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I and MHC-II [7–11]. Additionally, expression of the immunoregulatory surface molecule CD83 increases when DC mature and this is accompanied by decreases in the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR5 and increases in CCR7 expression [12–14].

Populations III and IV were further sorted into CD4SP and CD8SP subsets. qRT-PCR using cDNA from each sorted subset showed that Egr2 was upregulated between populations I and II, at the point when selection occurs, and that its expression

declined thereafter (Fig. 1B, left panel). When we performed the analogous sort, but using thymocytes purified from β2m−/− (centre panel) and MHC class II−/− (right panel) mice to exclusively generate CD4SP and CD8SP cells, respectively, a similar expression pattern was observed irrespective of genotype, suggesting Akt inhibitor that upregulation is dependent on selection, but is not lineage-specific. In primary DP cells, Egr2 is upregulated by the MAPK and calcineurin pathways following TCR ligation 15, 22, but the kinetics of its induction, and the interplay between these two pathways, has not been fully Epacadostat cell line explored. To address this issue, we cultured naïve MHC-null thymocytes directly ex vivo with PMA and ionomycin, with or without inhibitors of Erk or calcineurin signaling. As shown in Fig. 1C, maximal induction of Egr2 mRNA was achieved after 30 min of PMA/ionomycin stimulation. This rapid induction was inhibited by FK506 or cyclosporin A, inhibitors of calcium and hence calcineurin signaling, and was completely abrogated by

the inclusion of PD98059 or U0126 to inhibit Erk signaling. To further dissect Egr2′s induction by the MAPK pathway, we looked at Egr2 expression in mice deficient in the MAPK-activated transcription factor Sap-1 (Elk4), which is required for normal positive selection 23. Pre-selection TCR-βloCD69− and TCR signaled TCR-βloCD69+ thymocytes were sorted from Sap-1−/− mice and littermate controls, and Egr2 mRNA levels were measured by qRT-PCR. In both populations, there was a significant (p<0.02) reduction in the levels about of Egr2, compared with WT (Fig. 1D). Therefore, Egr2 is rapidly

upregulated by Erk and calcineurin signaling in primary thymocytes, and, like Egr1 23, its induction by Erk is dependent upon Sap-1. The timing and regulation of Egr2 expression are consistent with its having a role in positive selection. To study the role of Egr2 in thymocyte development, Tg mice overexpressing Egr2 were constructed. Mice carrying a Cre-inducible Egr2 Tg construct were bred to mice transgenic for CD4Cre recombinase 27, so that the effects of Egr2 overexpression specifically from the DP stage of development onwards could be examined. A schematic of the construct and verification that Egr2 is overexpressed in DP and SP cells, but not in the earlier DN stage, in the line presented in this paper, are shown in Supporting information Fig. 1A and B.

Aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein tau, associated with several neurodegenerative disorders, including AD and frontotemporal dementia is thought to occur via prion-like network propagation, whereby protein

aggregates released into the extracellular space enter specific neighbouring cells and trigger further fibrillogenesis [330]. A recent study elucidated the mechanism by which this occurs, in which tau fibrils enter cells by HSPG-dependent macropinocytosis to seed further aggregation, which in vivo could be blocked by use of a heparin mimetic. In addition, this mechanism was also reported to mediate aggregation of α-synuclein, found both in AD and in neurodegenerative disorders associated with Lewy body aggregates such as Lewy body dementia and Parkinson’s disease [331]. Targeting Ixazomib mouse of HSPGs therefore represents a promising therapeutic strategy in neurodegenerative diseases in which pathological aggregates propagate. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease. In most sclerotic lesions, OPCs are present but do not differentiate into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes, where increasing failure to remyelinate progresses with disease chronicity [332]. In MS there is altered expression of ECM proteins and these are implicated in ongoing pathology. Both diffuse ECM and basement membrane are affected. For example,

in acute, active periods of demyelination there is a decrease in parenchymal tenascin and CSPG lectican levels. In inactive lesions tenascin levels return to baseline and the lecticans versican, aggrecan and neurocan Obeticholic Acid clinical trial are chronically upregulated.

Lepirudin This is thought to result from macrophage phagocytosis in the active lesion and persistent reactive gliosis in the chronic lesion respectively [333–335]. The ECM is also known to be involved in the regulation of OPC migration, proliferation and differentiation into myelinating oligodendrocytes [336]. Furthermore, accumulation of high-molecular-weight hyaluronan has been shown to inhibit OPC maturation and remyelination of chronic lesions in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS pathology [337]. Basement membrane components are also known to regulate multiple processes in myelination as well as immune cell infiltration to lesions. For example, laminin-2 is implicated in OPC survival and differentiation via integrin, contactin and dystroglycan receptor interactions [338–341], downstream potentiation of growth signalling [342] and also specific regulation of actin-cytoskeleton mediated OPC extension of myelinating processes [343] and its expression is upregulated in MS lesions [344]. In contrast, increased expression of fibronectin in MS, which is both localized to basement membrane and also expressed parenchymally in the active lesion [345], impairs remyelination [346].

Cells were incubated at a concentration of 0.5×107per Selleck PLX4032 mL with 5 μM Indo-1AM (Invitrogen, Molecular Probes) for 60 min at 37°C, stained with

anti-CD8α-PE for 10 min and left at room temperature in the dark. The viability of cells after Indo-1AM loading was >90% as assessed by propidium iodide staining gated on the lymphocyte FSC/SSC population. Prior to data acquisition, the cell suspensions were warmed to 37°C in the dark for 10 min and then aliquoted in 200 μL, then CaCl2 was added to a final concentration of 1 mM and Ca2+-flux was measured with a LSRII (BD) cytometer equipped with a 355 nm UV laser at 37°C using a custom-built heating device adapted to cytometer tubes. After acquisition of the baseline levels for 60 s, anti-CD3 or anti-γδ TCR mAb was added and the cross-linking anti-Hamster Ab were added at second 90. The following concentrations of mAb were used: systemic T-cell compartment, 100 μg/mL of anti-CD3 (clone 145-2C11) with 180 μg/mL of anti-hamster and 100 μg/mL of anti-γδ TCR (clone GL3) with 180 μg/mL of anti-hamster final concentrations;

iIEL compartment, 200 μg/mL of anti-CD3 with 180 μg/mL anti-hamster and 100 μg/mL of anti-γδ TCR (clone GL3) with 360 μg/mL of anti-hamster final concentrations. After the stimulation, the cells were acquired for additional 3 min. Ionomycin was used as a positive control for Ca2+-flux (2 μg/mL). The kinetic Ca2+ changes were analyzed in C59 wnt supplier FlowJo software (Version 8.8.2, Treestar). For cytokine quantification, C57BL/6 iIEL were incubated in 96-well plates coated either with 10 μg/mL of anti-γδ TCR (clone GL3 and GL4), anti-αβ TCR (clone H57-597) or anti-CD3 (clone 145-2C11) for a period of 24 h and the supernatants were analyzed for CCL4 and IFN-γ by cytometric bead array (CBA, BD Biosciences) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For intracellular cytokine detection in iIEL populations, WT C57BL/6 iIEL

were incubated in a 24-well plate coated with 10 μg/mL of anti-γδ TCR (clone GL3 or GL4), anti-αβ TCR (clone H57-597), anti-CD3 (clone 145-2C11) or in presence of PMA (10 ng/mL) and ionomycin (2 μg/mL), for 4 h. Brefeldin A (10 μg/mL) was added for the last 3 h. The cells were stained with surface marker and intracellular cytokine antibodies for FACS analysis of CCL4, IL-17A and IFN-γ. FACS experiments were performed on an LSRII out flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and the data were analyzed by FlowJo software (Version 8.8.2, Treestar). All bar graphs are presented as mean±SEM and were made using GraphPad Prism software (Version 4.03). Fold changes of Violet/Blue ratio were obtained by dividing the peak values (after antibody Ca2+-flux induction either with clones 145-2C11 or GL3) with the mean baseline levels (before antibody Ca2+-flux induction). These values obtained from iIEL or systemic T cells in PBS (control group) and anti-γδ TCR (GL3 group) treated mice conditions were compared using unpaired one-tailed t test.