Electrical stimulation of one SCN produced responses in the contralateral SCN with a short delay (approximately 5 ms) and Ca2+-dependence that are consistent with action potential-mediated chemical synaptic transmission. Patch-clamp recordings of stimulated cells revealed excitatory postsynaptic inward-currents (EPSCs), which were sufficient in magnitude to elicit action potentials. Electrical stimulation evoked tetrodotoxin-dependent Ca2+ transients in about 30% of all contralateral SCN neurons recorded. The responding neurons were widely distributed within the SCN with a highest density in the posterior SCN. EPSCs and Ca2+ responses were significantly

reduced after application of a glutamate receptor antagonist. Application of antagonists for receptors of other candidate R428 price transmitters inhibited the Ca2+ responses in some of the cells but overall the impact of these antagonists was variable. Olaparib in vitro In a functional assay, electrical stimulation of the SCN produced phase shifts in the circadian rhythm in the frequency of multiunit activity rhythm in the contralateral SCN. These phase shifts were blocked by a glutamate receptor antagonist. Taken together, these results implicate glutamate as a transmitter required for

communication between the left and right SCN. “
“Brain cholinergic modulation is essential for learning-induced plasticity of the auditory cortex. The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) is an important cholinergic nucleus in the brainstem, and appears to be involved in learning and subcortical plasticity. This study confirms the 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase involvement of the PPTg in the plasticity of the auditory cortex in mice. We show here that electrical stimulation of the PPTg paired with a tone induced drastic changes in the frequency

tunings of auditory cortical neurons. Importantly, the changes in frequency tuning were highly specific to the frequency of the paired tone; the best frequency of auditory cortical neurons shifted towards the frequency of the paired tone. We further demonstrated that such frequency-specific plasticity was largely eliminated by either thalamic or cortical application of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist atropine. Our finding suggests that the PPTg significantly contributes to auditory cortical plasticity via the auditory thalamus and cholinergic basal forebrain. “
“Investigations of adult neurogenesis in recent years have revealed numerous differences among mammalian species, reflecting the remarkable diversity in brain anatomy and function of mammals. As a mechanism of brain plasticity, adult neurogenesis might also differ due to behavioural specialization or adaptation to specific ecological niches.

We propose that somatic sensory inputs are essential for the maintenance of the forelimb motor map in motor cortex and should be considered when rehabilitating 3MA patients with peripheral or spinal cord injuries or after stroke. “
“A unique aspect of planarians is that they can regenerate a brain from somatic pluripotent stem cells

called neoblasts, which have the ability to produce themselves (self-renew) and to give rise to all missing cell types during regeneration. Recent molecular studies have revealed that the planarian brain is composed of many distinct neuronal populations, which are evolutionarily and functionally conserved ones, and acts as an information-processing center to elicit distinct behavioral traits depending on a variety of signals arising from the external PR-171 order environment. How can planarians

regenerate such a brain? On the basis of our recent findings, here we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the stem cell dynamics involved in the brain regeneration of the planarian Dugesia japonica. Our findings suggest the possible value of in vivo planarian studies for guiding regenerative medicine to treat neurodegenerative diseases via interlinking stem cell biology and regeneration biology. “
“Patients with Parkinson’s disease can show brief but dramatic normalization of motor activity in highly arousing situations, a phenomenon often termed paradoxical kinesis. We sought to mimic this in a controlled experimental environment. Nine patients with Parkinson’s disease and nine age-matched healthy controls were asked to grip a force dynamometer as quickly and strongly as possible in response to a visual cue. A loud (96 dB) auditory stimulus was delivered at the same time as the visual cue in ∼50% of randomly selected trials. In patients Resminostat with Parkinson’s disease, the experiment

was conducted after overnight withdrawal of antiparkinsonian drugs and again 1 h after patients had taken their usual morning medication. Patients showed improvements in the peak rate of force development and the magnitude of force developed when loud auditory stimuli accompanied visual cues. Equally, they showed improvements in the times taken to reach the peak rate of force development and their maximal force. The paradoxical facilitatory effect of sound was similar whether patients were off or on their usual antiparkinsonian medication, and could be reproduced in age-matched healthy controls. We conclude that motor improvement induced by loud auditory stimuli in Parkinson’s disease is related to a physiological phenomenon which survives both with and after withdrawal of antiparkinsonian medication. The potential independence of the mediating pathways from the dopaminergic system provides impetus for further investigation as it may yield a novel nondopaminergic target for therapeutic manipulation in Parkinson’s disease.

1% for the BTGH, where 94% of donors were of Hispanic origin; 15.7% and 19.7%, respectively, MEK inhibitor for TWHT and TMH, where the vast majority of donors were Caucasian; and 3.8% for the SJMC, where

the majority of donors were Hispanic with a minority from the African American population. Information regarding the CCR5Δ32/Δ32 CBUs is summarized in Table 2. CCR5Δ32/Δ32 CBUs were obtained from three of the four hospitals (the BTGH, TWHT and TMH). Only one CCR5Δ32/Δ32 CBU in each case was obtained from the BTGH (0.15%) and TMH (1.6%) (Table 2). The majority of the CCR5Δ32/Δ32 CBUs (80%) were obtained from TWHT. If only the CCR5Δ32/Δ32 CBUs from TWHT are considered, then the frequency of finding an HIV-resistant CBU was 1.2%. The sample size for TMH was too small to determine whether the continued screening of CBUs from this hospital would yield frequencies similar to those for TWHT. As expected, most of the CCR5Δ32/Δ32 CBUs (8 of 10; 80%) were obtained from Caucasian parents. However, one CCR5Δ32/Δ32 CBU was collected from South Asian non-Hispanic and North American Hispanic parents,

while another this website was obtained from parents who were both Hispanic. Both hospitals with a higher CCR5Δ32 allelic frequency (TWHT and TMH) had a ∼75% Caucasian population of parents with ∼25% of Hispanic origin. Although the BTGH and SJMC had higher populations of Caucasian parents (∼95 and 85%, respectively) they also had a higher percentage of Hispanics (∼95 and 80%, respectively). Erythromycin All CBUs were typed for HLA A, B, C and DR alleles. Interestingly, two DR alleles, HLA-DR 0401 and HLA-DR 1101, were found three times in the CCR5Δ32/Δ32 CBUs identified (15%), whereas they were found in only 5% and 8%, respectively, of the entire population screened (Table 3). We found that the CCR5Δ32 allele was present at a significant

frequency in the CBUs we screened from the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center CB Bank. We found 10 CCR5Δ32/Δ32 CBUs in a total of 1538 CBUs screened, or 0.65% overall. Two of the CCR5Δ32/Δ32 CBUs (20%) did not pass quality control standards and cannot be used for transplantation. In comparison with previous studies on individuals of European descent [22], we noticed that the frequency of the CCR5Δ32 allele was slightly lower than expected in the CBUs we genotyped. This may be explained by the high rate of minority populations in Houston, a racially diverse city. Indeed, the intent of our CB Bank is to collect CBUs from diverse ethnic populations as a source of haematopoietic support for patients who need a stem cell transplant but lack an HLA-matched donor, which occurs most often in ethnic/racial minorities. Chen et al. [23] reported in a meeting abstract that StemCyte, an international cord blood (CB) bank, screened 10 488 CBUs for the CCR5Δ32 allele and identified 30 homozygotes and 754 heterozygotes. The frequency of homozygotes was 0.29%, whereas our survey yielded a 0.65% frequency in a smaller sample size.

The 5-year overall survival rates were 80.4%, 75.7%, 74.0%, and 59.4% in patients with squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, and other cancers, respectively. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma had a significantly better prognosis than those with adenocarcinoma (P = 0.004), adenosquamous carcinoma (P < 0.001), and other cancers (P < 0.001). The overall survival rates by surgical stage are shown in Figure 14. The 5-year overall survival rates were 95.1% in stage I patients (stage Ia, 97.6%; stage Ib, 95.9%; stage Ic, 89.7%), 89.2%

in stage II patients (stage IIa, 91.2%; stage IIb, 88.9%), 76.8% in stage III patients (stage IIIa, 85.3%; stage IIIb, 42.4%; stage IIIc, 23.1%), and 23.1% in stage IV patients (stage IVa, 45.5%; stage IVb, 20.7%). There were significant differences between stages I and II (P < 0.001), stages II and III (P < 0.001), or stages III and IV (P < 0.001). The 5-year CX-5461 in vivo overall survival rates were 95.6%, 88.9%, and 76.1% in patients

with G1, G2, and G3 endometrioid adenocarcinoma, respectively. Comparison of the survival among the stages revealed 5-year overall survival rates of 96.5%, 87.7% and 86.6% in patients with stage I endometrioid carcinoma, serous/mucinous/clear adenocarcinoma and other histological types, respectively; 91.9%, 77.4% and 77.2% in patients with stage II endometrioid carcinoma, serous/mucinous/clear adenocarcinoma and other histological types, respectively; 83.6%, 54.8% and 64.3% in patients with stage III endometrioid carcinoma, serous/mucinous/clear adenocarcinoma see more and other histological types, respectively; and 25.6%,

19.4%, and 20.5% in patients with stage IV endometrioid carcinoma, serous/mucinous/clear adenocarcinoma and other histological types, respectively. The overall survival rates by surgical stage are shown in Figure 15. When compared among stages of surface epithelial-stromal tumors, the 5-year overall survival rates were 91.7% in stage I patients (stage Ia, 93.1%; stage Ib, 100%; stage Ic(b), 91.9%; stage Ic(1), 88.9%; stage Ic(2), 87.2%; stage Ic(a), 90.2%), 74.8% in stage II patients (stage IIa, 81.8%; stage IIb, 76.9%; stage IIc(b), 79.6%; stage IIc(1), 85.7%; stage IIc(2), 72.7%; stage IIc(a), 67.0%), 49.6% in stage III patients (stage IIIa, 82.4%; stage IIIb, 69.4%; stage IIIc, 45.6%), and 38.6% in stage IV patients. PIK-5 There were significant differences between stages I and II (P < 0.001), stages II and III (P < 0.001), and stages III and IV (P < 0.001). The above analysis did not include patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and the 5-year overall survival rate of the patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy was 37.1%. The overall survival rates by the histological type are shown in Figure 16. Patients with serous adenocarcinoma had a significantly poorer prognosis than those with mucinous adenocarcinoma (P < 0.001), endometrioid adenocarcinoma (P < 0.

95 and 23.75 h respectively, did not differ (t10 = 0.48, P > 0.05), nor did the acrophases (t10 = 1.2, P > 0.05)., which were 24.22 h for KO animals and 23.12 h for WT animals (see Table S2). Over the course of the feeding experiment, the genotypes did not differ in body weight (KO, 28 + 0.19; WT, 28 + 0.19 g; t30 = 0.16, P > 0.05), nor daily food intake (KO, 5.0 + 0.20; WT, 5.1 + 0.18 g; t30 = 0.23, P > 0.05). As can be seen in Fig. 12, both GHSR-KO and WT mice entrained to a 24-h feeling HCS assay schedule while in DD. Both genotypes showed periods that were nearly 24 h

(t10 = 1.2, P > 0.05) during the last 10 days of the scheduled feeding period (see Fig. 7 and Table S2). Acrophases occurred shortly before the beginning of the feeding period

in KO animals (KO, 07.51 h) and ≈ 1 h after food availability in WT animals (WT, 09.55 h), but did not differ statistically significantly (t10 = 0.99, P > 0.05; see Fig. 7). Total daily running activity during the RF period in DD (see Fig. 8) showed the opposite effect to that seen in LL, with a main effect of genotype (F1,170 =21.90, P < 0.0001), revealing greater total activity in the WT group, but post hoc tests were not significant. There was a trend for a main effect of day (F16,170 = 1.67, P = 0.058), but no day × genotype interaction for total activity (see Fig. 8, left panel). An analysis of the running-wheel activity in the 4 h immediately before food access also check details showed greater anticipatory activity in WT animals for a couple of days before KO animals reached the same level. anova revealed a main effect of day (F16,160 = 7.64, P < 0.0001),

no effect of genotype interaction, but a trend for a day × genotype interaction (F16,160 = 6.55, P = 0.088). Post hoc analyses showed a significant difference between Masitinib (AB1010) WT and KO animals on day 5 of the restricted feeding schedule (see Fig. 8, central panel). A visual inspection of the data suggested that the difference between the two genotypes occurred only within the first week after beginning scheduled feeding, so this analysis was rerun with only the first 7 days. Under these conditions, the interaction between day and genotype achieved significance (F9,90 = 2.11, P = 0.037). A t-test of the first 7 days of activity during the 4-h pre-meal period showed a strong trend towards greater activity in WT animals than in KOs (t12 = 1.6, P = 0.06; see Fig. 8). Figure 9 shows histochemical expression of the LacZ reporter gene on the GHSR promoter, indicating the location of the ghrelin receptor. Staining was seen in hypothalamic outputs of the SCN such as the subparaventricular zone (SPVZ) (Fig. 9A), DMH (Fig. 9E and G), paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN; Fig. 9C and D) and arcuate nucleus (ARC; Fig. 9E and H), while the SCN (Fig. 9A), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) (Fig. 9E and G) and lateral hypothalamus (LH; Fig. 9E and F) had staining that was discernable but less robust.

Briefly, 1 mL of saliva sample with or without PI was concentrated with a 10 kDa membrane cut-off filter (Millipore). The fractions with high-molecular-weight proteins were separated www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD0530.html on 1D SDS-PAGE (Novex Bis–Tris 4-12% gel; Invitrogen)

and stained with Coomassie Blue. The protein gel bands were excised from the 1D SDS-PAGE and subjected to in-gel reduction, alkylation, and trypsin digestion. The digestion was performed for 16 h at 37 °C. The peptides generated were extracted with 50% acetonitrile, washed twice with a solution containing 0.1% TFA and dried with a Speed-Vac. The dried peptide mixture was subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis. For LC-MS/MS analysis, the peptide mixture was separated by a 60-min gradient elution with the Dionex U3000 capillary/nano-HPLC system (Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA) at a flow rate of 0.25 μL min−1 directly interfaced with a Thermo-Fisher LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Thermo-Fisher, San Jose, CA) operated in the

data-dependent scan mode. The analytical column was a homemade fused silica capillary column (75 μm i.d., 100 mm length; Upchurch, Oak Harbor, WA) packed with C-18 resin (300 A, 5 μm; Varian, Palo Alto, CA). Mobile phase A consisted of 0.1% formic acid, and mobile phase B consisted of 100% acetonitrile PLX4032 and 0.1% formic acid. The 60-min gradients at 0.250 μL min−1 flow rate for solvent B increased from 0% to 55% in 30 min and then to 80% in 10 min. The experiment consisted of a single full-scan mass spectrum in the Orbitrap (400–1600 m/z, 30 000 resolutions), which was followed by six data-dependent MS/MS scans in the ion trap at 35% normalized collision energy. Data were analyzed using mascot software and manual inspection. The fraction with low-molecular-weight species was directly

Resveratrol analyzed by LC-MS/MS using the method described above with an LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Thermo-Fisher). Data management and analyses were performed using spss 17.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). All cultivable bacterial data were compiled and logarithmically transformed to normalize the variance distribution. Correlation analyses were performed to determine the correlation coefficients of the mean bacterial levels in the samples with and without PI addition. For DGGE profile analysis, levels of similarity between fingerprints were calculated according to the Dice coefficient. Dendrograms were constructed from the average matrix using the unweighted pair group method by means of arithmetic averages. Differences in mean bacterial counts (log10 value), the number of detected DGGE bands, and the degree of similarity were evaluated using the paired t-test. All P values <0.05 were two-tailed and considered significant. Based on conventional culturing techniques, the log10 values of the total cultivable bacteria in saliva with PI were similar to those of saliva without PI.

7 mg/kg, respectively.

Some readers may argue that these high doses of oral midazolam are candidates for deep sedation which, although not reported in the studies, may have been measurable if equipments such as bispectral index monitors were to be used to verify the depth of sedation. Minor side effects were much more common and seen in 14% of all RCT studies with nausea/vomiting, transient desaturations and paradoxical reactions being the chief complaints. Further analysis of the relationship between oral midazolam dosage and prevalence of symptoms was felt to be unwise due click here to the generally poor quality of the data. The frequency of transient desaturations emphasises the importance of adequate monitoring during sedation. Of the six studies reporting a transient desaturation, two did not provide a figure for the lowest oxygen saturation level reached[14, 39], whereas the remaining four studies reported that oxygen saturation reached low levels ranging from 78% to 94%[17, 23, 25, 36]. The importance of safety in sedation is paramount and the authors advise the use of pulse oximetry

and the availability of emergency equipment as standard. What constitutes a significant side effect? An arbitrary description was made for this review which some readers may disagree with; however, given the data available, we felt it was the best compromise. Clearly, an inability to maintain an airway or persistent desaturation should be considered as significant but what about transient desaturations? We felt that if these were easily

correctable through head repositioning, find more then they should be considered as minor, and this sort of transient desaturation could be due to a range of reasons including breath holding or crying. It is important to recognise that all the side effects recorded here were very ‘clinician-centred’, from that is, they could be considered as anything that might interfere with provision of the treatment. It might be interesting as part of any future work to look at patient-centred measures and perhaps get patients’ views as to what events they would consider to be significant. In general, it would be helpful if more generally agreed descriptions of side effects existed that could be used in future studies, thus facilitating greater comparison between studies and between different methods of sedation. In conclusion, significant or major side effects associated with oral midazolam usage for behaviour management in children and adolescents requiring dental treatment appear to be rare. Minor events are more common but determining precise figures was complicated by poor reporting. Why this paper is important to paediatric dentists? There is currently little information available as to the safety of midazolam when used as an oral sedative in children needing dental treatment. This study revealed that significant side effects are uncommon.

Prior work had shown that alpha-band activity was differentially deployed depending on the modality of the

cued task. Here, we asked whether this activity would, in turn, be differentially deployed depending on whether participants had just made a switch of task or were being asked to simply repeat the task. It is well established that performance speed and accuracy are poorer on switch than on repeat trials. Here, however, the use of instructional cues completely mitigated these classic switch-costs. Measures of alpha-band synchronisation and desynchronisation showed that there was indeed greater and earlier differential deployment of alpha-band activity on switch Ixazomib ic50 vs. repeat trials. Contrary to our hypothesis, this differential effect was entirely buy 5-FU due to changes in the amount of desynchronisation observed during switch

and repeat trials of the visual task, with more desynchronisation over both posterior and frontal scalp regions during switch-visual trials. These data imply that particularly vigorous, and essentially fully effective, anticipatory biasing mechanisms resolved the competition between competing auditory and visual inputs when a rapid switch of task was required. When individuals are required to switch rapidly from execution of one task to another, goal-related task networks and attentional mechanisms are engaged to reconfigure task-specific networks, suppressing activity within circuits responsible for performance of the old task and amplifying preparatory neural

processes for the anticipated novel task (Foxe & Simpson, 2005; Foxe et al., 2005). That is, competition between two potential task-set configurations must be resolved so that an effective strategy shift can be enacted. Often there is a significant performance cost in Ribociclib in vivo terms of both speed and accuracy upon the first instance of a new task that is taken to reflect these reconfiguration processes (Jersild, 1927; Wylie & Allport, 2000; Wylie et al., 2004b, 2009). Under many such task-switching scenarios, switch costs dissipate rapidly, with near ceiling levels of performance achieved on just the second instance of the new task (De Sanctis et al., 2009). The implication is that the anticipatory neural reconfigurations necessary for optimal performance of a new task are not always achieved in one step; rather, it often takes performance of at least one instance of the new task to reach optimal performance (Wylie et al., 2003a). Alternatively, if an informational cue informs participants of an upcoming task switch, and sufficient time is then allowed to elapse between the cue and the stimulus to be acted upon, individuals can accomplish an entirely effective task-set reconfiguration in that little or no switch cost is then observed (Wylie et al., 2009).

A small number of pharmacists were permitted to move groups, and this may have had an impact on findings.

The ITT analysis, based on allocated group, suggests that this was not the case The reduction in illicit heroin use in all patients is in line with Cabozantinib mw multiple studies of methadone maintenance treatment.[19] The absolute reduction in heroin use in this study (15%) was in line with other cohort studies.[17] However, there was no significant difference between the groups, indicating EPS did not further reduce illicit heroin use. There was better retention in the intervention group (87.7%) than the control group (80.8%), but the between-group difference was not statistically significant, although retention was very high overall. Retention in this study compared favourably to other methadone studies which ranged from 19–90%.[19] However, it is not entirely appropriate to compare retention with other studies because our participants were not necessarily recruited at the very start of treatment and there may be more attrition in the early weeks. Whilst successful outcomes have been reported from the use of MI in interventions addressing alcohol,[5, 6] smoking[20] and drug dependence[7] it has not always

demonstrated benefits. When used as part of an integrated intervention with cognitive behavioural therapy for people with psychosis and co-morbid substance abuse, it was unable selleck inhibitor to improve patient outcomes.[21] Other studies also suggest that MI can in fact be counter-productive in people who are already highly motivated.[22] The lack of effect in the

current study may also be because participants were already highly motivated to reduce their heroin use, making it unlikely that this pharmacy intervention service would have a significant impact. Physical health was actually significantly poorer at follow-up in the intervention group compared to control. This may be due to statistical chance. Alternatively, it may reflect an increased awareness by patients of their health as a result of communication with pharmacists, a finding reported in other studies.[23] The intervention may have increased health awareness but was not aimed at addressing other health problems. Psychological health was slightly Histamine H2 receptor worse at follow-up in the intervention group. This is contrary to the NTORS[17] which found these parameters improved over time in a general UK treatment cohort. Although there was no significant difference in treatment satisfaction between groups at follow-up, there was a significant improvement in treatment satisfaction over time in the intervention group. This corresponds with increased treatment retention and may be because intervention patients felt happier in the pharmacy owing to more and possibly ‘better’ communication with the pharmacist. Ideally some qualitative follow-up would have been conducted to explore this further. The suggestion of improved treatment retention and satisfaction are important for policy makers.

Anti-epithelial cell antibodies (AECA) www.selleckchem.com/products/ldk378.html and anti-aorta antibodies were reported to be found in patients with TAK.[95] In spite of several reports of functional involvement of AECA, its effect is still under controversy.[96-99] There are also reports that TAK patients often having anti-phospholipid antibodies.[100] However, the positivity of these autoantibodies and the functional meaning remain unclear. Taken together, recent study results have elucidated the basics

of TAK much more than before. Novel therapies, including biological agents, are now being tried for refractory TAK. However, further efforts to collect samples and information by a standardized method are necessary to improve the prognosis of patients with TAK. No competing interest exists. “
“A case of a 37-year-old pregnant patient with antiphospholipid syndrome

(APS), who has a medical history of both thrombosis and recurrent fetal loss, is presented. She was treated with predonisolone and fixed-dose unfractionated heparin (UFH) infusion, followed by plasmaphereses and fixed-dose low-molecular-weight heparin infusion during her fourth pregnancy. Unfortunately, this treatment did not have beneficial effects, resulting in intrauterine growth restriction and finally neonatal death. Continuous intravenous UFH infusion and low-dose aspirin were administrated under the monitoring of the activated partial thromboplastin time to achieve a target level of 120 s during her fifth pregnancy. A healthy baby weighing 1818 g at birth was delivered by Cesarean section at the 34th week of pregnancy. High-dose UFH infusion may be considered PD-0332991 manufacturer to be one of the preferable options to manage pregnant patients 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase with refractory APS. “
“Serum vitamin D level was inversely associated with the risk of developing new onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and disease activity, but some conflicting results have been reported. To examine the serum vitamin D status in Thai RA patients and possible independent factors affecting serum 25 hydroxyvitamin vitamin D (25(OH)D) and the associations of serum 25(OH)D level and the disease activity and functional status

in Thai RA patients. A cross-sectional study was performed in 239 Thai RA patients. The blood levels of 25(OH)D2 and D3 were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay. Disease activity was assessed according to tender and swollen joint counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), visual analog scale for global patient assessment, Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS-28) and Thai Health Assessment Questionnaire (Thai HAQ). The mean vitamin D level was 28.79 ng/mL. There were no associations between 25(OH)D levels and number of tender and swollen joint counts, DAS-28 score, HAQ score or rheumatoid factor (RF) and/or anti-cyclic citrulinated peptide (CCP) positivity. After multivariated analysis, Bangkok residents, non-farmer, obesity and non-vitamin D supplementation were the predictors for vitamin D insufficiency in Thai patients with RA.