Prior work had shown that alpha-band activity was differentially deployed depending on the modality of the

cued task. Here, we asked whether this activity would, in turn, be differentially deployed depending on whether participants had just made a switch of task or were being asked to simply repeat the task. It is well established that performance speed and accuracy are poorer on switch than on repeat trials. Here, however, the use of instructional cues completely mitigated these classic switch-costs. Measures of alpha-band synchronisation and desynchronisation showed that there was indeed greater and earlier differential deployment of alpha-band activity on switch Ixazomib ic50 vs. repeat trials. Contrary to our hypothesis, this differential effect was entirely buy 5-FU due to changes in the amount of desynchronisation observed during switch

and repeat trials of the visual task, with more desynchronisation over both posterior and frontal scalp regions during switch-visual trials. These data imply that particularly vigorous, and essentially fully effective, anticipatory biasing mechanisms resolved the competition between competing auditory and visual inputs when a rapid switch of task was required. When individuals are required to switch rapidly from execution of one task to another, goal-related task networks and attentional mechanisms are engaged to reconfigure task-specific networks, suppressing activity within circuits responsible for performance of the old task and amplifying preparatory neural

processes for the anticipated novel task (Foxe & Simpson, 2005; Foxe et al., 2005). That is, competition between two potential task-set configurations must be resolved so that an effective strategy shift can be enacted. Often there is a significant performance cost in Ribociclib in vivo terms of both speed and accuracy upon the first instance of a new task that is taken to reflect these reconfiguration processes (Jersild, 1927; Wylie & Allport, 2000; Wylie et al., 2004b, 2009). Under many such task-switching scenarios, switch costs dissipate rapidly, with near ceiling levels of performance achieved on just the second instance of the new task (De Sanctis et al., 2009). The implication is that the anticipatory neural reconfigurations necessary for optimal performance of a new task are not always achieved in one step; rather, it often takes performance of at least one instance of the new task to reach optimal performance (Wylie et al., 2003a). Alternatively, if an informational cue informs participants of an upcoming task switch, and sufficient time is then allowed to elapse between the cue and the stimulus to be acted upon, individuals can accomplish an entirely effective task-set reconfiguration in that little or no switch cost is then observed (Wylie et al., 2009).