2011). The influence of selection effects is further supported by findings that simply wanting to work long hours is associated with heavier AOD use. This is true regardless of actual hours spent working, and especially among those who do not work (Bachman et al. 2003; Staff et overnight delivery al. 2010). Religiosity and Community Attachment Numerous studies found that religiosity tends to be negatively correlated with AOD use during adolescence (Brown et al. 2001; Wallace et al. 2003, 2007; Wray-Lake et al. 2012). This is true for both African American and White youth. In fact, religiosity does not explain race differences in substance use (Wallace et al. 2003). Religiosity tends to operate at both the individual and contextual levels, because highly religious adolescents attending highly religious schools have lower alcohol use compared with highly religious adolescents attending non�Chighly religious schools (Wallace et al.

2007). More broadly, community attachments, including religiosity as well as social trust and social responsibility, tend to be negatively correlated with AOD use during adolescence (Wray-Lake et al. 2012). Exercise and Sports Participation Whereas exercise correlates negatively with alcohol use, participating in team sports correlates positively with alcohol use during high school (Terry-McElrath et al. 2011). This is especially true for males (Dever et al. 2012). Externalizing Behaviors and Other Drug Use As part of a broader set of problem behaviors, it is not surprising that alcohol use is associated with externalizing behaviors as well as cigarette smoking and illicit drug use during adolescence.

In the MTF study, externalizing behaviors overall, and aggressive behavior and theft/property damage in particular, correlated with AOD use during adolescence (Bachman et al. 2008; Brown et al. 2001; Maslowsky and Schulenberg, in press; Patrick and Schulenberg 2010). Disentangling causal connections is difficult, however, and it is likely that alcohol use both contributes to and is caused by externalizing behaviors (Osgood et al. 1988), particularly if these behaviors involve spending unsupervised time with peers (Osgood et al. 1996). Cigarette smoking and other illicit drug use also tend to be highly correlated with alcohol use during adolescence (Patrick and Schulenberg 2010).

Risk Taking and Sensation Seeking The willingness to take risks and high levels of sensation seeking also both correlate with higher levels of AOD use (Dever et al. 2012; Patrick and Schulenberg 2010; Pilgrim et al. 2006; Schulenberg et al. 1996). Among 8th graders and 10th graders, the impact of risk taking on substance use (including alcohol) was partly mediated Dacomitinib through school bonding (which negatively affected AOD use) and time with friends (which positively affected AOD use); these effects were largely invariant across race/ethnicity and gender (Pilgrim et al. 2006).