We also thank the contributions of the animal caretakers. This study was supported

by a Grant-in-Aid from BSE Control Project of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan. “
“Hepatitis C virus infection affects more than 170 million people worldwide. More than 80% of the patients are not able to eliminate the virus and progress to a chronic infection that usually culminates in complications such as cirrhosis Afatinib nmr and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the adaptive immune response has been widely shown to be essential for viral clearance, the role of natural killer (NK) cells is not clearly understood. In this study, the effect of HCV core protein is examined on NK cell function, i.e., cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. The expression of core protein in the YTS NK cell line led to an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells SCH727965 mouse soon after transduction. The surviving cells exhibited decreased cytotoxicity associated with decreases in perforin and granzyme B expression. Furthermore, the HCV core protein–transduced YTS NK cells had reduced IFNγ production as well as an altered surface receptor expression pattern. These features may correspond to a state of functional anergy similar to that seen in T cells transduced

with HCV core protein. Together, these data suggest that HCV core protein may alter NK cell function. Hepatitis C virus infection affects more than 170 million people worldwide. More than 80% of the patients are not able to eliminate the virus and progress to a chronic infection that usually culminates in some other complications such as Racecadotril cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma [1]. It has previously been reported that the host cellular immune response is essential in the outcome of the disease [2]. However, few studies have addressed the role of innate immune cells in responses

to HCV infection. Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that provide protection against infections and tumours [3]. They express a variety of activating and inhibitory cell surface receptors that control their activation. When activated, NK cells are able to initiate a response that involves both cellular cytotoxicity and secretion of cytokines such as IFNγ and TNF, which may have direct antiviral effects and also serve to recruit other cell types involved in host defences [4]. In HCV infection, there is no consensus about the frequency of NK cells in patients [5–7], but most authors have observed that NK cells from chronically infected individuals show a weakened cytotoxic activity [6, 8] and decreased expression of perforin [8], as well as altered IFNγ secretion [9, 10]. This functional inactivation of NK cells could be one of the multiple mechanisms that the virus uses to interfere with and evade host antiviral immune response, and thus persist in the individual. Recent works have focused on the importance of NK cells in the course of the disease [11, 12].