Thus, hepatocyte-derived LCN2 plays an important role in inhibiting

bacterial infection and promoting liver regeneration. (Hepatology 2015;61:692-702)”
“Localization is a fundamental challenge for any network of nodes, in particular when the nodes are in motion and no reference nodes are available. Traditionally, the Multidimensional scaling (MDS) algorithm is employed at discrete time instances using pairwise distance measurements to find the relative node positions (with arbitrary rotation). In this paper, we present a novel framework to localize an anchorless network of mobile nodes given only time-varying inter-nodal distances. The time derivatives of the pairwise distances are used to jointly estimate the initial relative position

and relative velocity of the nodes. Under linear velocity assumption for a small time duration, we show that the combination of the initial relative positions and relative velocity beget click here the relative motion of the selleck inhibitor nodes at discrete time instances. The proposed approach can be seen as an extension of the classical MDS, wherein Doppler measurements, if available, can be readily incorporated. We derive Cramer Rao bounds and perform simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed estimators. Furthermore, the computational complexity and the benefits of the proposed algorithms are also presented. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Molecular studies of six species from the ancient

extant seed plant Cycas, covering a wide range of its morphological diversity and all major areas of distribution, revealed a high level of intra-individual polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2) region, indicative of incomplete nrDNA concerted evolution. Through a range of comparisons of sequence characteristics to functional cDNA ITS copies, including sequence length and substitution variation, GC content, secondary structure stability, the presence of a conserved motif in the 5.8S gene, and evolutionary rates, the PCR amplified divergent genomic DNA ITS paralogs were identified as either putative pseudogenes, recombinants or functional paralogs. This incomplete ITS concerted evolution may be linked to the high number of nucleolar organizer regions in Sotrastaurin chemical structure the Cycas genome, and the incomplete lineage sorting due to recent species divergence in the genus. Based on the distribution of a 14 bp deletion, an early evolutionary origin of the pseudogenes is indicated, possibly predating the diversification of Cycas. Due to their early origin combined with the unconstraint evolution of the ITS region in pseudogenes, they accumulate high levels of homoplastic mutations. This leads to random relationships among the pseudogenes due to long-branch attractions, whereas the phylogenetic relationships inferred from the functional ITS paralogs grouped the sequences in species specific clades (except for C. circinalis and C rumphii).