Thirty-four (34%) developed an inhibitor (24/34 of high titre). Inhibitors see more developed in 25/63 (40%) patients with a high-risk mutation. ID was most frequent in Aboriginals (86%). Dose intensity (IU kg−1 day−1 X number of ED) at first exposure to factor VIII (FVIII) was associated with a crude OR increase of 1.10 (95% CI: 0.99–1.23) with each increase of 100 dose-intensity units. Haemarthrosis and intracranial bleeding as the indication for first exposure to FVIII concentrate were associated with a crude OR for ID of 7.63 (95% CI: 2.14–27.17) and 5.08 (95% CI: 1.11–23.31) respectively. ID according to FVIII concentrate

used was: Advate ® 18/50 (36%), Kogenate FS® or Helixate FS® 15/36 (42%), Wilate® 0/11 and Xyntha® 1/2. In multivariate analysis, Aboriginal ethnicity (OR = 11.69; 95% CI: 1.11–122.86) and haemarthrosis (OR = 4.49; 95% CI: 1.08–18.61) were statistically significant. The cumulative incidence of ID in severe haemophilia A PUPs was 34% and varied according to ethnicity, type of bleeding at first ED, type of FVIII product and dose intensity at first exposure. “
“This chapter contains sections titled: Medical care

Psychological care Social care References “
“Summary.  Current treatment of joint cartilage lesions is based either on conventional techniques (bone marrow stimulation, osteochondral autograft or allograft transplantation) or on newly developed techniques (chondrocyte implantation Nivolumab and those based on cell therapy that use bioreactors, growth factors, mesenchymal stem Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK cells [MSCs] and genetically modified cells). The aim of this article is to review the therapeutic strategies above mentioned and to determine whether the chondral damage seen in haemophilia could benefit from any of them. The different conventional techniques have

shown similar results whereas autologous chondrocyte implantation, which is in common use at the present time, has not been shown to produce any conclusive results or to lead to the formation of hyaline cartilage. MSCs hold promise for the repair of joint cartilage given their differentiation capacity and the therapeutic effect. The use of bioreactors and growth factors, which stimulate cartilage formation, may optimize such strategies in the context of reimplantation of chondrocytes, differentiated MSCs and cartilage progenitor cells. The aim of cell therapy is restoration of function through the repair of damaged tissue or the stimulation of growth factor synthesis. Implantation of autologous chondrocytes or MSCs was up to now able to address only highly localized chondral lesions. Adequate control of the differentiation process as well as the use of growth factors and appropriate bioreactors could transform cell-based therapies into a more efficient and longer term treatment even for patients with haemophilia. Nevertheless, raising false expectations in these patients should be avoided.