These data revealed several features of the chromoplast. Proteins of lipid metabolism and trafficking were well represented, including all the proteins of the lipoxygenase pathway

required for the synthesis of lipid-derived aroma volatiles. Proteins involved in starch synthesis co-existed with several starch-degrading proteins and starch excess proteins. Chromoplasts lacked proteins of the chlorophyll check details biosynthesis branch and contained proteins involved in chlorophyll degradation. None of the proteins involved in the thylakoid transport machinery were discovered. Surprisingly, chromoplasts contain the entire set of Calvin cycle proteins including Rubisco, as well as the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OxPPP). The present proteomic analysis, combined with available physiological data, provides new insights into the metabolic characteristics of the tomato chromoplast and enriches our knowledge of non-photosynthetic plastids.”
“Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have an increased Smoothened Agonist research buy risk of developing depression as compared with healthy subjects and patients with many other chronic neurological conditions. The observation that depressive

symptoms can precede the onset of neurological symptoms suggests that depression may be related to early disease-specific processes. Several pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed to explain the etiology of depression in patients with MS. This article reviews the current evidence for the contribution of lesional, autoimmune, OICR-9429 iatrogenic, and psychosocial factors. It appears that the etiology of depression is multifactorial and varies in individual patients with MS. (The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2011; 23:261-276)”
“Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited blinding disease with variable penetrance. Three primary mitochondrial DNA mutations, affecting the respiratory complex I, are

necessary but not sufficient to cause blindness. Reduced efficiency of ATP synthesis and increased oxidative stress are believed to sensitize the retinal ganglion cells to apoptosis. Different therapeutic strategies are considered to counteract this pathogenic mechanism. However, potential treatments for the visual loss are complicated by the fact that patients are unlikely to benefit after optic atrophy occurs. There is no proven therapy to prevent or reverse the optic neuropathy in LHON. Results from a recent trial with idebenone hold promise to limit neurodegeneration and improve final outcome, promoting recovery of visual acuity. Other therapeutic options are under scrutiny, including gene therapy, agents increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, and anti-apoptotic drugs.”
“The yellow variegated2 (var2) mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana has been studied as a typical leaf-variegated mutant whose defect results from the lack of FtsH2 metalloprotease in chloroplasts.