The same method was used to find the relation between the total particle scattering coefficient bp and particle VSFs measured

at an angle of 4°. That relation has a slightly smaller correlation coefficient R2 (see Figure 5). Moreover, the spectral dependence of the relation cannot be found, but from Nivolumab mouse all the measurements of volume scattering functions the following dependence was found: equation(6) bp=0.121βp(θ=4∘).bp=0.121βpθ=4∘. The accuracy of formula (6) was tested by comparison of its results with measured values of bp (obtained by integration). Comparison of 168 sets (42 series, 4 wavelengths each) showed the highest relative difference between measured and calculated values to be 33 per cent. This result can be compared with the measurements presented by Mankovsky (1971), who found that the ratio of the particle scattering function to the particle scattering coefficient βp(4°)/bp was equal to 10.5 ± 2 sr. More recent measurements by Chami et al. (2005) demonstrate a similar linear correlation between βp(4°) and the scattering coefficient bp. On the

basis of measurements prepared in Black Sea coastal waters they showed that βp(4°) = 9.3bp + 0.014. Both of these relationships give a slightly higher ratio of βp(4°)/bp than formula  (6). On the basis of available measurements made in the southern Baltic waters the following statement can be made: the spectral variation of scattered light in sea water depends on the angle of scattering; it also varies for different types of waters. AZD5363 ic50 The observed angular variation was the motivation for examining the spectral variability of the relationship between the backscattering coefficient and particle VSFs for angles 117° and 140°. The measurements confirm the high correlation between the particle backscattering coefficient and the particle volume scattering functions for both angles 117° and 140°. The particle backscattering coefficient

bbp(λ) can be obtained from the particle VSF at 117° using a simple relationship – bbp(λ) = 1.07 × 2πβp(λ, 117°). But if the particle VSF is known for 140°, then the spectral dependent formula bbp(λ) = (0.3λ/443 + 0, 76) 2πβp (λ, 140°) should be used. The correlation coefficient Adenosine of the linear relationship between bp and βp(4°) is less than that for bbp, and retrieval of bp from measurements of βp(4°) can lead to an uncertainty of over 30%. The above conclusions are based on a set of measurements prepared during one single cruise in the southern Baltic Sea, which is why they probably should not be treated as having universal application. I am grateful to all involved in the cooperation between IO PAN (Sopot, Poland) and MHI NASU (Sevastopol, Ukraine), who made it possible to carry out the unique measurements of the spectral variability of particle volume scattering functions. “
“Upwelling is an important process in the World Ocean as well as in the Baltic Sea.