The fact that the dermal LD50 of fipronil is higher than 2000 mg/kg bw [46] agrees with this observation. This kinetic profile might help to explain the three hours onset of behavioral effects observed in our pilot studies. As opposed to fipronil, others pesticides act in mammals in their original molecular form

and have their effects diminished after metabolism. Thus, future research is important to study the implications of kinetic parameters Selleckchem Akt inhibitor on risk assessment for neurotoxicity by these compounds. In conclusion, since non-target organisms are evidently exposed to the insecticides because of colocalization, it is important to have more information about their undeliverable effects. The present study confirmed that the insecticide fipronil has central behavioral effects in rats. Further studies with pirazole insecticides, including fipronil, are necessary to verify their neurotoxic potential in humans because of accidental and professional OSI-906 mouse exposure. “
“Drug-induced toxicity is a serious problem affecting patients undergoing chemotherapy. Depending on the toxicity profiles of individual drugs, therapeutic index may be limited, resulting in higher rate of treatment failures [1]. Apart from toxicity, cancer cells

also acquire self-remedial escape mechanisms such as drug efflux pumps or increased drug metabolisms devouring attack from chemotherapy, resulting in Methane monooxygenase the chemoresistance [2]. Doxorubicin (Dox) is a common chemotherapeutic drug with wide spectrum of anticancer activity against several malignancies. But, the most common side-effects associated with

anthracycline analogues like Dox include acute and chronic toxicities such as myelosuppression, cardiomyopathies and congestive cardiac failure [3] and [4]. To overcome these side-effects, integrated approaches utilizing combination therapies with cytotoxic, chemosensitizing and nanoparticle agents have been devised. Encapsulation of Dox in the form of PEGylated liposomes (Doxil) and Abraxane have increased the intratumoral delivery without much toxicity [3] and [5]. Dox conjugation with hydrophilic polymers was found to increase cytotoxicity by ‘enhanced permeation and retention’ (EPR) relative to free doxorubicin [6]. EPR effect enabled polymeric-drug nanoparticles to enhance their diffusion rate, and thus accumulate within tumor tissues than normal tissues, leading to enhanced antitumor efficacy and reduced side-effects. A small number of advanced drug delivery systems for Dox have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of ovarian cancer and Kaposi’s sarcoma which are in clinical use in the United States [7]. Still, there are substantial challenges like high treatment failure rates, unpredictable disease outcome, and tumor recurrence apart from toxicity, while using any single-agent drugs.