The biofilm upregulated proteins that were reactive with convalescent sera included PsrP. Similar to our own findings, Geifing et al., found in an unbiased screen that recombinant PsrP also interacted with human convalescent sera [36], indicating that PsrP is also produced in vivo during invasive disease. The latter most YM155 research buy likely reflects the dual role of PsrP

as a bacterial and lung cell adhesin. Importantly, antibodies against PsrP are capable of neutralizing biofilm formation and lung cell attachment in vitro. Furthermore, immunization with recombinant PsrP BR has been shown to protect against invasive disease caused by TIGR4 [14, 26, 27, 37]. Unfortunately, epidemiological studies indicated PsrP is present in only 50-60% of all invasive EVP4593 nmr isolates [38]. Its absence in A66.1 thereby helps to explain the lack of protection that was observed in mice

PRI-724 price immunized with biofilm TIGR4. Along this line, it would be worthwhile to confirm that immunization of mice with biofilm TIGR4 protects against challenge with a non-serotype 4 PsrP-positive strain. The remaining proteins with enhanced biofilm production that were also reactive with convalescent sera might also be protective antigens. In support of this notion, Brady et al. has shown that immunization of rabbits with biofilm S. aureus protected against osteomyelitis in a rabbit model of infection [39]. While the vast majority of the proteins that we identified are involved in metabolism, recent studies have shown that enzymes involved in glycolytic metabolism, including enolase and fructose bisphosphate aldolase, as well ribosomal proteins are localized to the cell surface of S. pneumoniae, S. agalactiae and S. pyogenes and are capable of playing a role in virulence [40–42]. Notably, the majority of proteins

within the S. aureus biofilm fraction that was recognized by sera from rabbits PtdIns(3,4)P2 with osteomyelitis were also predominately involved in metabolism [39]. Thus, further studies are warranted to determine whether antibodies against these S. pneumoniae metabolic proteins might confer protection against colonization and possibly invasive disease. Importantly, incomplete strain coverage by PsrP and other pneumococcal proteins that have been suggested to be vaccine candidates, along with limited efficacy for those that are conserved in all strains such as pneumolysin and CbpA, indicate two or probably three proteins would be minimally required for complete coverage in any efficacious protein vaccine formulation against S. pneumoniae [43]. Conclusions In all, our findings add to the considerable body of evidence that indicates biofilm pneumococci have dramatically altered phenotypes versus planktonic bacteria.