The amplification experiments performed with both mTOR inhibitor purified genomic DNA of bacteria and with spiked clinical check details samples allowed to obtain a detection limit of 50 genome copies per PCR reaction which is acceptable for diagnostic use. Due to the lack of comparative data and, to the absence of a gold standard for the

molecular diagnosis of the three pathogens, it was difficult to compare the efficiency of this m-PCR with other PCR methods previously described. However, the data obtained in this study showed that our m-PCR was ten-fold less sensitive than the real-time multiplex-PCR assays already described for Chlamydios and Q fever [31, 33, 35, 22]. The sensitivity of this assay could be further increased by adapting the m-PCR to a real-time multiplex PCR format. Real-time quantitative PCR methods offer an attractive advantage, in the clinical diagnostic laboratory, to detect and quantify multiple pathogens simultaneously. However, the routine and the high-throughput analysis cost remains very high, especially for emerging countries. Attempts to isolate Chlamydophila and Coxiella strains DZNeP mw were performed on 20-different PCR positive samples to confirm the presence of the involved bacteria and to compare the efficacy of the two diagnostic methods as well. All attempts to pathogen isolation were not successful and, only two Cp. abortus, one Cp. pecorum and two C. burnetii strains isolates were obtained from vaginal swabs and

milk samples. Fifteen m-PCR positive samples were negative upon selective culture suggesting that the m-PCR method detected bacteria that are unable to grow in vitro. In our study, the investigated animals were already receiving antibiotic therapy at the time of sampling. When antibiotic treatment compromises the chance of bacterial isolation, PCR detection is not affected by the lack of viability of the microorganism Niclosamide and is more sensitive than culture for the detection of non-viable organisms and cellular DNA that have not been cleared. The performance

of the m-PCR in field studies with infected flocks that reported the occurrence of the two zoonotic diseases further validates its use as an optimal tool for surveillance for chlamydiosis and Q fever. Thus, our investigation showed that these two infections were widespread within the tested flocks as evidenced by the presence of the Cp. abortus and C. burnetii m-PCR products in over 25% of the tested clinical samples. Two vaginal swab samples were contaminated with both Cp. abortus and C. burnetii and the ability of the multiplex assay to detect dual infections was therefore known. Recently, an outbreak of enzootic abortion in ovine and caprine herds caused by mixed infections was reported and both Cp. abortus and C. burnetii were simultaneously detected, using a simplex PCR, in aborted female placentas and foetuses [36]. During our study, the developed m-PCR allowed the detection of Cp.