Raw cane sugar produced significantly higher amounts of CML than did refined sucrose, probably due to the metal-ion

mediated degradation of fructoselysine. The overall amount of CML formed was also dependent on the degree of unsaturation of the oils. However, other components of vegetable oils—including tocopherols, phenolic compounds, chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, menadione, oryzanols, and plastochromanol-8—might be involved in glycation. Muffins enriched with appropriate levels of polyphenol-rich GP (20%) 5-FU order did not show significant changes in the sensory profile; such enrichment has the ability to diminish the negative impact of the thermal modification of the proteins, lowering CML levels. Further studies on individual phenolic compounds of GP may be undertaken to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the protein protection, and also to explore the possible synergism, which may potentiate the protective effect against CML formation. Obviously, before these by-products are incorporated as AGE inhibitors, it is necessary to carry out further studies about their toxicity (i.e., possible IWR-1 chemical structure residual presence of pesticides or heavy metals). Considering the possible presence of hazardous contaminants in the integral grapes, for the preparation of powdered GP in large scale the producer should utilise the ecologically grown raw material

where the synthetic pesticides and herbicides are not used. This study was financially supported by the National Centre of Science, Poland (Project No. 2013/09/B/NZ9/01626). “
“The groups of crops collectively known as rocket (or arugula, rucola, roquette) are all members of the Brassicaceae family, and are native to the areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea ( Martinez-Sanchez et al., 2006). Rocket crops belong to two genera, Eruca and Diplotaxis, and are increasingly important in the salad vegetable market ( Pasini, Verardo,

Cerretani, Caboni, & D’Antuono, 2011). The species Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II are now grown commercially all over the world in countries as diverse as the USA, UK, Italy, Spain, Morocco, Israel, India and Australia ( Bozokalfa, Esiyok, & Yagmur, 2011). Previous studies have highlighted rocket as a rich source of glucosinolate (GSL) compounds (Kim, Jin, & Ishii, 2004). Virtually all other members of the Brassicaceae contain GSLs as secondary metabolites that act as part of plant defence mechanisms ( Schranz, Manzaneda, Windsor, Clauss, & Mitchell-Olds, 2009). GSLs and their hydrolysis products have also been implicated in giving rocket its characteristic pungent aromas and flavours ( Bennett et al., 2002) and volatiles (such as isothiocyanates (ITCs) and indoles) have been consistently linked with anticarcinogenic activity in mammalian tissues ( Lynn, Collins, Fuller, Hillman, & Ratcliffe, 2006).