Presumably, a sequence with a lower set-point would not only result in a shorter MLT, but also a smaller SD as well. However, the existence of similar MLTs, but very different SDs, suggests that missense RAD001 datasheet mutations in the holin sequence not only affect the set-point for spontaneous triggering, but also impact the robustness of the set-point. For example, some mutations may be relatively insensitive to the critical holin concentration, thus resulting in proportionally more cells that are triggered earlier and later than expected, hence greater lysis time stochasticity. Effect of

energy poison KCN It is well known that addition of the energy poison, KCN, to induced lysogen cultures will accelerate GDC-0449 cost the onset of lysis [44]. Our results also confirmed this observation Regorafenib purchase (see Table 2). However, it is not clear how this accelerated lysis would affect the lysis time stochasticity. From anecdotal observations, the addition of KCN seems to synchronize lysis, thus resulting in a precipitous decline of lysogen culture turbidity. Our study showed that the timing of

KCN addition was inversely related to lysis time stochasticity (see Figure 4B). In fact, the smallest SD (1.45 min) was achieved by adding KCN at 55 min after thermal induction (see Table 2), a time where normally only about 1% of the cells have lysed. The almost synchronous lysis when KCN was added 55 min post thermal induction suggests that most cells would have already accumulated enough holin proteins in the cell membrane to form a hole. Besides collapsing the PMF, the addition of KCN should also halt the production of holin protein, thus “”fixes”" the amount of holin proteins

on the cell membrane at the time of addition. The progressive decline in lysis time stochasticity as KCN was added later in time (see Figure 4B) strongly pentoxifylline suggests that a larger supply of holin protein is a key factor in ensuring synchronous lysis. As more holin proteins are inserted into the cell membrane, the kinetics of raft formation gradually shifts from stochastic to deterministic and synchronous. In fact, there was a nearly five-fold decrease in lysis time stochasticity when the PMF was collapsed at 55 min after lysogen induction when compared to collapse at 25 min (see Table 2). It is also noted that the properties of the normally triggered and the prematurely triggered holin holes are quite distinct, with the prematurely triggered holes being much smaller than the normally triggered holes [28]. Evolutionary implication of lysis time stochasticity Both theoretical and experimental studies have demonstrated the importance of lysis timing on phage fitness [46, 57–61]. However, it is not clear if lysis time stochasticity would have any impact on phage fitness.