In contrast, no plant has been produced that harbors silenced this website endogenous gene after removal of promoter-targeting dsRNA. Here, we show that heritable gene silencing can be induced by targeting dsRNA to the endogenous gene promoters in petunia and tomato plants, using the Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-based vector. We found that efficient silencing of endogenous genes depends on the function of the 2b protein encoded in the vector virus, which has the ability to facilitate epigenetic modifications
through the transport of short interfering RNA to nucleus. Bisulfite sequencing analyses on the targeted promoter in the virus-infected and its progeny plants revealed that cytosine methylation was found not only at CG or CNG but also at CNN sites. The observed inheritance of asymmetric DNA methylation is quite unique, suggesting that plants have a mechanism to maintain even asymmetric methylation. This CMV-based gene silencing system provides a useful tool to artificially modify DNA methylation in plant genomes and elucidate the mechanism for epigenetic controls.”
“Background: Skinfold thicknesses have long been considered important and valid measurements of subcutaneous fat. Nevertheless, there are no current skinfold reference data for buy AZD5363 US children and adolescents.
Objective: We developed new percentile reference curves for triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses by using the same national
samples as those included in the reference curves for body mass index (BMI) in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2000 Growth Charts.
Design: We included triceps and subscapular skinfold-thickness measurements for 32,783 individuals who also Rabusertib concentration had complete data for BMI. The LMS method was used to derive 10 smoothed skinfold-thickness percentile reference curves and to generate the L, M, and S parameters that allow the calculation of standardized z scores.
Results: The new reference curves exhibit established age-and sex-related patterns of development, including dramatic prepubescent increases in subcutaneous fatness in boys at the highest percentiles. Comparisons of smoothed medians for race-ethnicity groups confirm greater subcutaneous fatness in white children than in black age mates at the triceps site but similar median subscapular skinfold thicknesses. Median skinfold thicknesses for children considered overweight (>= 85th percentile) or obese (>= 95th percentile) on the basis of BMI cutoffs do not follow closely the skinfold percentile reference channels across age, especially in boys, which suggests a certain degree of independence between BMI and skinfold thickness at the upper extremes of the BMI distribution.
Conclusions: The age-and sex-standardized skinfold percentiles and z scores will be appropriate for a wide range of research applications that consider measures of subcutaneous fat.