In conclusion, our study revealed an anti-mycobacterial role of IL-17A through priming the macrophages to produce NO in response to mycobacterial infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, remains a major worldwide health threat as it causes approximately 2 millions deaths each year.[1] Although Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin

(BCG) is available as a vaccine for protecting infants and children against M. tuberculosis infection, this vaccine has been demonstrated to have limited protective efficacy in the adults.[2] Moreover, failure to comply with the long anti-tubercular regimen (about 6 months) results in the emergence of drug-resistant Selleckchem Tipifarnib M. tuberculosis.[3] Therefore, understanding the immunological interaction between host and mycobacteria will Cabozantinib manufacturer be crucial for the development of novel therapeutic regimens. The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family consists of six members known as IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E and IL-17F.[4] Of these, IL-17A, which can be produced by T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, γδ T cells and natural killer cells,

has been recently identified as an important pro-inflammatory cytokine and dysregulation of its production results in pathogenesis of a variety of diseases including autoimmune diseases, tumour development and infections.[5] The roles of IL-17A in host defence against mycobacterial infection have been examined by other groups. Following mycobacterial infection,

a proportion of CD4+ T cells differentiate into Th17 cells, which subsequently produce IL-17A.[6] It has been shown that IL-17A is required Olopatadine to induce the formation of mature granuloma after M. tuberculosis infection. Mice deficient in IL-17A exhibit impaired granuloma formation and weakened protective immunity against M. tuberculosis infection.[7-9] Furthermore, IL-17A promotes the production of chemokines in mice during M. tuberculosis challenge, leading to recruitment of neutrophils and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) -producing CD4+ T cells, which subsequently contribute to restriction of M. tuberculosis growth in the lung.[10] Despite these studies demonstrating that IL-17A has a protective role against M. tuberculosis infection, whether IL-17A regulates innate defence mechanisms of macrophage in response to mycobacterial infection remains to be investigated. Macrophages are key phagocytic cells that control the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis. Upon mycobacterial infection, macrophages are activated and express inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), leading to production of nitric oxide (NO), a free radical that has been recognized as the most critical factor directly affecting the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis in the host.[11] The importance of NO in host defence against M.