g. 1D, 2D and 3D structures) and catalytic properties (e.g. residual activity, kinetics constants (K-m

and V-max), activation energies (E), thermo-stability and organic solvent tolerance) of two commercial enzymes, CALB and lipase PS in their solution forms.

RESULTSCompared with the blank control, the 1D structure of both treated lipases was unchanged, whereas their 2D and 3D structures were altered to some extent. The highest relative activities were 105% and 116% for CALB and lipase PS, respectively. For CALB, V-max/K-m value significantly increased, while for lipase PS, V-max/K-m value was almost constant. Both treated enzymes selleck compound showed high thermo-stability with recovery of enzyme activity up to 76% and 80%, respectively. Also, both treated enzymes presented high organic solvent tolerance.

CONCLUSIONSIt was speculated that 2D, 3D structure alterations were probably responsible for the satisfactory catalytic properties of enzymes treated with sub-/super-critical CO2. (c) 2013 Society of Chemical Industry”
“The nature of the Verwey transition in magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)) remains an unsolved puzzle after more than 60 years. Impurities and dopants present in magnetite can alter the Verwey transition temperature T(v) as well as other physical characteristics of magnetite. We present the results from Raman studies of Mn-, Ni-, and Al-doped magnetites with Verwey transition temperatures ranging from 115 to 123 K. Mn and Ni substitute only in the

octahedral sites of magnetite’s spinel structure, while Al has been shown to occupy both octahedral and tetrahedral sites. We analyze the shifts in the Raman spectra of our samples relative to stoichiometric and oxygen deficient magnetite. BMS-777607 purchase Substitution sites and concentration

of dopants will be discussed. In particular we discuss changes in the A(1g) 668 cm(-1) and T(2g) 538 cm(-1) modes due to doping. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3067858]“
“Headache disorders are a major public-health priority, and there is pressing need for effective solutions to them. Better health care for headache-and ready access β-Nicotinamide in vitro to it-are central to these solutions; therefore, the organisation of headache-related services within the health systems of Europe becomes an important focus. These recommendations are the result of collaboration between the European Headache Federation and Lifting The Burden: the Global Campaign against Headache. The process of development included wide consultation. To meet the very high level of need for headache care both effectively and efficiently, the recommendations formulate a basic three-level model of health-care organisation rationally spread across primary and secondary health-care sectors, taking account of the different skills and expertise in these sectors. They recognise that health services are differently structured in countries throughout Europe, and not always adequately resourced. Therefore, they aim to be adaptable to suit these differences.