Fifth, a candidate gene encoding a potential acetate uptake system for M. acetivorans was identified (Figure 6). This gene exhibits the same expression patterns as the ack and pta genes needed for activation of the methanogenic substrate following its entry into Milciclib the cell. Expression of aceP was suppressed by the energetically favorable substrate, methanol (Figure 6B). The AceP protein is predicted to have six transmembrane-spanning alpha-helical regions (Additional file 1, Figure S1). Noteworthy, aceP homologs are present in other methanogens including M. mazei, M. barkeri, M. maripaludis, and M. hungatei, and they constitute

a distinct class of archaea transporters. Related genes are also present in many bacterial species (Additional file 3, Figure S3), suggesting the possibility of a lateral gene transfer event from a bacterium into the Methanosarcina sp. as was proposed as one explanation for their large genome sizes [23]. Experiments are in progress to characterize the AZD1480 membrane function of the M. acetivorans Luminespib protein since no archaeal or bacterial homologs shown in Additional file 3, Figure S3 have been examined to date. Carbon control in the Archaea Considerable

information is available concerning carbon control of gene expression in bacterial and eukaryal systems, but little is yet known about related carbon control in the Archaea. Few studies have been reported for any archaeal species but include microarray studies in Pyrococcus furiosus [28], M. mazei [29, 30], and M. acetivorans [6]. The present experiments extend these studies to address a larger set of genes needed for carbon flow and electron transfer leading to methane formation from two key methanogenic substrates (Figure 8).

It provides a foundation of RNA transcript abundance and 5′ end data to begin exploring regulatory controls in this organism at the level of regulated mRNA synthesis and turnover. Little is known Meloxicam about the relative contributions of archaea transcription factors, translation factors, and/or small RNA’s in gene regulation in the Methanosarcina species to provide the distinct patterns of gene expression observed here. M. acetivorans clearly maintains a cellular commitment to dynamically control transcript levels in response to methanogenic substrate type where two major gene families are further defined by this study. Conclusion Of the twenty M. acetivorans gene clusters examined in this study, all but four were differentially expressed by 2 to 200-fold during acetate versus methanol cell growth (Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). The majority of these queried genes are present all sequenced Methanosarcina genomes that include M. acetivorans, M. mazei and M. barkeri (Table 1) and include the genes for multiple heterodisulfide reductase and hydrogenase-like enzymes. Exceptions are the echABCDEF, vhoGAC, rnfXCDGEABY, and mrpABCDEFG genes that encode known or predicted electron transfer complexes for ion movement and/or electron transfer.