CD56dim and CD56bright cells were distinguished by appropriate gating in the CD56+ region. Whole-blood aliquots with appropriate MAbs were incubated in the dark at room temperature for 20 min. Samples with isotypic control antibodies (IgG1[FITC]/IgG1[PE]/IgG1[PCy-5) were run in parallel with each sample. A minimum of 5000 cells was analyzed on a Coulter XL-MCL (Coulter Corp., Miami, FL), and data analyses were performed using XL System II software. Lymphocyte analyses were performed by gating on the lymphocyte region, based on forward and side light scatter. Counts for each subset were obtained by multiplying the total lymphocyte count by the percentage of the respective subset. Peripheral blood

mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from heparinized whole blood by Ficoll-Hypaque (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) density gradient centrifugation. They were then selleck compound diluted in RPMI (GIBCO, Carlsbad, CA) with 5% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS, Sigma–Aldrich), gentamicin (40 μg mL−1), glutamine (200 mM), and 2-mercaptoethanol (5 × 10−5 M) (complete medium). The lymphocyte proliferative response was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation after stimulation by phytohemaglutinin (PHA) or muromonabCD3 (OKT3, Janssen, Beerse, Belgium). The freshly isolated PBMC

were adjusted to 2 × 106 cells per milliliter, and 100 μL of the suspension was plated in triplicate wells of a 96-well, round-bottomed microplate (Costar, Cambridge, MA). PHA or OKT3 was diluted to a final concentration of 5 μg mL−1. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 72 h in an ABT-199 clinical trial atmosphere of 5% CO2 and were then pulsed with 1 μCi per well of Resveratrol 3H-thymidine (6.7 Ci·mmol−1, ICN Biomedicals, Irvine, CA), 18 h before harvesting onto glass-fiber filter paper (Skatron Cell Harvester, Norway). Five milliliters of scintillation fluid were added to the

filters, and they were counted in a β-plate scintillation counter (Wallac Oi, Turku, Finland). The control count was subtracted from the mitogenic count and values were expressed as counts per minute. Natural killer cell cytotoxic activity (NKCA) was measured using the standard NK-sensitive K562 cell line and a radioactive chromium release assay. The human erythromyeloid leukemia-derived cell line K562 was maintained in RPMI 1640, supplemented with 10% FBS, gentamicin (40 μg mL−1), and Hepes buffer (Sigma–Aldrich, São Paulo), kept in 5% CO2 at 37 °C. Freshly isolated Ficoll-purified PBMC were adjusted to 1 × 107 cells per milliliter in complete medium and were then diluted serially at 40:1, 20:1, 10:1, and 5:1 effector-to-target (E:T) ratios. The PBMC were placed into 96-well round-bottom microtiter plates and incubated with radiolabeled K562 cells. K562 cells were labeled with 100 μCi·10−6 cells of sodium 51chromate (51Cr; ICN Biomedicals, Irvine, CA) over a 1-h period in a shaking waterbath at 37 °C. After a further 4 h of incubation at 37 °C and 5% CO2, the plates were centrifuged at 100 g for 5 min.