Again, highest expression of nosZ was observed

under aerobic conditions in the presence of nitrate. Taken together, these data indicated that deletion of Mgfnr resulted in a different oxygen-dependent regulation of denitrification genes, suggesting that MgFnr is involved in controlling the expression of denitrification and the observed defects in magnetosome formation in ΔMgfnr mutant might indirectly result from loss of proper regulation of denitrification genes. Table 2 Effects of oxygen and nitrate on the Hedgehog inhibitor expression of denitrification genes in ΔMgfnr mutant Promoter Microaerobic conditions Aerobic conditions + NO3 – - NO3 – + NO3 – - NO3 – nap 79.5 ± 41.8a 67.0 ± 29.4 79.6 ± 38.5 85.4 ± 30.9 (16.2 ± 1.4)b selleck compound (15.9 ± 0.8) (30.8 ± 2.6) (28.6 ± 2.8) nirS 266.3 ± 10.8 76.5 ± 28.3 85.4 ± 23.0 88.4 ± 54.9 (124.0 ± 5.5) (21.2 ± 9.6) (14.2 ± 7.9) (18.3 ± 7.8) nor 414.7 ± 52.8 150.9 ± 52.4 559.7 ± 74.0 493.4 ± 52.9 (762.8 ± 37.0) (221.5 ± 52.4) (204.4 ± 41.1) (151.1 ± 10.5) nosZ 327.8 ± 32.9 153.2 ± 62.5 751.3 ± 76.1 525.7 ± 53.6 (519.0 ± 43.4) (118.3 ± 33.3) (146.6 ± 34.7) (152.5 ± 21.9) aValues of β-glucuronidase activity are averages and standard deviations for at least two replicate cultures. Units are recorded as nanomoles of product formed per

minute per mg protein. bExpression in the WT are shown in the “()” for comparison [5]. Decreased N2 production in ΔMgfnr mutant is due to lower N2O reductase activity We next monitored the overall denitrification of MSR-1 WT and ΔMgfnr mutant by growing cells in deep slush agar (0.3%) tubes containing nitrate medium in which entrapped

gas bubbles are indicative for N2 production [5]. We found that although deletion GNE-0877 of Mgfnr did not cause any growth defects under all tested conditions, in WT culture many N2 bubbles became visible after 24 h, while in ΔMgfnr mutant only few bubbles were observed at any time of incubation, indicating that denitrification was reduced in this strain (Figure 4A). In contrast, the ΔMgfnr complemented strain (ΔMgfnr + pLYJ110) generated bubbles after 24 h as the WT. We therefore wanted to dissect at which step(s) of denitrification N2 production was affected. First, concentrations of nitrate and nitrite in microaerobic nitrate medium were measured during the entire growth of WT and ΔMgfnr mutant to assess nitrate and nitrite reduction, which are catalyzed by Nap and NirS, respectively. As shown in Figure 3, no significant difference between WT and ΔMgfnr mutant was observed for reduction of nitrate and nitrite. Nitrate disappeared Selleckchem BMS 907351 slightly faster in the ΔMgfnr mutant than in the WT, but this was not accompanied by an increased accumulation of nitrite. This meant that deletion of Mgfnr does not affect activities of the nitrate and nitrite reductase.