Treatments with RNAse (20 mg /mL Genomed), DNAse (10 mg/mL,

Sigma), and proteinase K (20 mg/mL, Sigma) were done according to the manufacturers’ procedures. C. albicans and S. cerevisiae nucleic acids were purified as previously described [22]. Quantity and purity of all DNA and RNA preparations were determined by a Nanodrop (ThermoFisher Scientific) and by electrophoresis on denaturating agarose gels. this website DNA and RNA preparations were ‘‘complexed’’ with DOTAP (N-(1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy) propyl)-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium methyl-sulfate; Sigma) as previously described [29]. To exclude the presence of endotoxin in the fungal preparations used as stimuli, we employed human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells stably co-transfected with TLR4/CD14/MD2, using IL-8 secretion as a read out for

cell activation, exactly as previously described [56]. Various check details doses of E. coli ultrapure LPS were used as a standard. Culture supernatants were collected and stored at −80°C until assayed for IL-8 production. Human IL-8 measurement was performed by the human IL-8 module set (Bender MedSystems) with a sensitivity of 16 pg/mL. Bone marrow-derived cells were prepared by flushing femurs and tibiae with sterile RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FCS, as previously described [22]. Briefly, after centrifugation, the cells were resuspended to a concentration of 2.5 × 106 cells/mL and cultured for 7 days in a medium supplemented with 100 ng/mL of M-CSF or 10 ng/mL of GM-CSF (both from Peprotech) to obtain, macrophages and cDCs, respectively. Every 3 days, half of the medium was removed and substituted with fresh cytokine-supplemented culture medium. Cells cultured in M-CSF were found to be greater than 96% positive for CD11b, greater than 87% positive for F4/80, and less than 4% positive for CD11c by flow cytometric analysis. Cells cultured in GM-CSF were found to be greater than 87% positive isometheptene for CD11c and CD11b and negative for B220. All antibodies for flow cytometry analysis were purchased from Miltenyi. BM-differentiated cells were stimulated for the indicated times with live or killed yeast cells. In

some experiments, cell monolayers were treated with cytochalasin D (5 μg/mL, Sigma) or with bafilomycin A (1 μM, Sigma) as previously described [22]. Total RNA was extracted from BMDCs (4 × 106) and reverse transcribed into cDNA as previously described [22]. For the quantification of IL-12p35, IL-12p40, IL-23p19, and TNF-α mRNA, real-time quantitative RT-PCR assays were conducted, in duplicate, with an Applied Biosystems 7500 (Applied Biosystems) as described [22]. Primers and TaqMan MGB probes for the above cytokines were purchased from Applied Biosystems. PCR conditions were as follows: 95°C, 10 min; (95°C, 15 s; 60°C, 1 min) × 40 cycles. Gene expression was measured by the comparative CT method (ΔΔCT) as previously described [22].