2 ± 3.0   4 weeks 1.6 ± 0.4 10.5 ± 4.4 9.4 ± 4.1 4.5 g/d Baseline 1.8 ± 0.4 12.2 ± 3.0 11.9 ± 4.2   4 weeks 1.6 ± 0.6 11.5 ± 3.7 9.6 ± 3.6 Heart Rate There were no significant main effects or significant interactions detected in values of HR at rest, during or following the five sprints. The mean HR responses were similar in the three study groups at rest (approximately 61-63 bpm) and in response to the sprint bouts with mean HRs increasing from 150-155 bpm to approximately 170 bpm from the first to fifth sprint bout. Recovery HR values did not differ appreciably between group

with HR values of 125-130 and 110-125 bpm at four and 14 minutes following sprinting, respectively. Thigh Girth Analyses selleck screening library revealed no significant effects of GPLC in any dosage or interactions in Linsitinib order regard to thigh circumferential measurements. There was a significant time effect as the post-exercise assessment produced greater thigh girth measurements with exercise across all study participants. However, while there were no statistically significant interaction effects with the supplementation level (groups) it is interesting to note that while the 3.0 and 4.5 g/d groups displayed similar increases in mean thigh girth with treatment (3.0 g/d: 1.7 to 2.2 cm; 4.5 g/d: 1.7 to 2.0 cm) the 1.5 g/d study group displayed

acute increases of thigh girth of 1.3 cm both at baseline testing and after four-weeks of supplementation. Discussion Findings of the present investigation suggest that increasing daily intake of GPLC has somewhat paradoxical influences on the

performance of repeated high intensity cycle sprints. These authors have previously reported that GPLC may produce acute enhancement of anaerobic power output during repeated cycle sprints [8]. Based on those results, it was speculated that long-term supplementation would, in general, provide further performance enhancements with those improvements related directly to the greater duration of supplementation and to the daily GPLC intake. However, these current findings indicate that long-term GPLC supplementation at the higher dosages examined (3.0 and 4.5 g/d) did not Pevonedistat mw result Akt inhibitor in greater values of power output but rather lower mean values of PP and MP. In contrast, the lower intake group (1.5 g/d) exhibited mean values of PP and MP greater than baseline across the five sprints. Those increases in power output were similar to those previously reported with acute intake of 4.5 g GPLC. The results of this study are not sufficient to definitively explain the apparent decline in sprint performance with higher GPLC intake. However, examination of the mechanisms of action may allow useful supposition. Potential mechanisms involved in the observed acute performance improvements include the unique vasodilatory actions of GPLC as well as supply of an energy source in the form of the propionyl group.