, 1993, Bourtzis, 2008, Girin and Bouletreau, Selleckchem Pirfenidone 1995 and Stouthamer, 1993). Reproductive alterations induced by Wolbachia in their hosts include cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis induction, and feminization of genetic males ( Werren, 1997). In social insects, however, the influence of Wolbachia in reproduction still remains unknown ( Chapuisat and Keller, 1999 and Keller et al., 2001, but see Wenseleers et al., 1998). Some aspects of Wolbachia are well known. It was clear by Werren et al. (1995) that in arthropods there were two mains groups (A and B). Zhou et al. (1998) went further indicating

that those two clades had at least eight potential groups within A and four within B. Recently, A and B were termed “supergroups” ( Lo

et al., 2007) and other supergroups have also been described, including on Wolbachia infecting nematoids (C and D supergroups) ( Bandi et al., 1998), supergroup E in Collembola ( Czarnetzki and Tebbe, 2004 and Vandekerckhove et al., 1999), F in arthropods and nematoids ( Enzalutamide research buy Casiraghi et al., 2005), G in spiders ( Rowley et al., 2004) and H in termites ( Bordenstein and Rosengaus, 2005). Wolbachia transmission within host species occurs maternally through the egg cytoplasm ( Stouthamer et al., 1999 and Werren, 1997). However, several independent studies have shown that Wolbachia can be transmitted horizontally, within as well as between host species ( Ahrens and Shoemaker, 2005, Dedeine et al., 2005, O’Neill et al., 1992 and Vavre et al., 1999). Studies conducted in ant populations of several species of the genus Solenopsis in areas where they were introduced and native ranges indicated the presence of the two Wolbachia supergroups (A and B), and reported Loperamide that the frequency of infection varies dramatically between different regions ( Shoemaker et al., 2000). In addition, there is a strong association between the Wolbachia variant

and the host mitochondrial DNA, as also reported by Shoemaker et al., 2003a and Shoemaker et al., 2003b. Ahrens and Shoemaker (2005) suggested that the evolutionary history of Wolbachia in S. invicta is more complex and involve multiple invasions or horizontal transmission events of the bacteria into this species. These authors also suggest that Wolbachia infections might have been lost secondarily within different lineages and that the effects of Wolbachia on the mitochondrial genome of the host are less severe than originally predicted. While some parasites are successful inside their hosts, others benefit from the ant nest as a super-organism and are successful as social parasites. Originally described as Labauchena daguerrei, Solenopsis daguerrei is a workerless parasitic ant. Its hosts are restricted to Solenopsis species of the group saevissima (S. richteri, S. invicta, S. saevissima, S. quinquecuspis, and S. macdonaghi) ( Tschinkel, 2006).