001) in the prevalence of B. vulgatus (85% vs. 20%), and E. coli (95% vs. 20%) in CD patients versus controls. A significant difference (P < 0.047) was found in the prevalence of B. vulgatus (80% vs. 90%) and in the prevalence (P = 0.039) of Clostridium coccoides group (50% vs. 90%)

in active CD patients versus inactive CD one. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of Bifidobacterium spp. between CD patients and controls (30% vs. 20%, P = 0.742) and between active and inactive CD (20% vs. 40%, P = 0.302). Discussion This is the first longitudinal study on the duodenal mucosa-associated microbiota, carried out Necrostatin-1 price on the same cohort of CD pediatric patients (in active and in remission disease), showing a distinctive ‘microbial structure’ in celiac pediatric patients. The most important results of this study, obtained through multivariate statistical analysis selleck compound of TTGE profiles, were: i) a dominant duodenal microbiota that could be linked to the disease status (active and remission), outlining differences in the microbiota composition before and after GFD treatment; ii) a significantly higher diversity in dominant microbiota in patients

with active disease vs the same in remission state, as well as in patients with Florfenicol active disease vs controls, as revealed by Shannon-Wiener index. This higher duodenal microbial diversity in CD patients could have a possible harmful impact on the duodenal homeostasis. iii)

a higher inter-individual similarity in CD patients than controls, indicating a more homogeneous structure among microbial communities of celiac patients. Analyzing TTGE profiles, the lowest carrying capacity and the lowest median number of bands found in the duodenal system of the control group can be attributed to an environment particularly adverse or restricted to colonization. The nature of duodenal habitat is radically changed in CD patients, where the carrying capacity and the median number of bands in TTGE profiles are much higher than controls, consequently a thriving colonization could be due to a more habitable environment. It could be speculated that in selleckchem duodenum the microbial life could be largely inhibited by different factors such the rapid transit of food (transit time 2.5 hours compared to 5 hours of stomach), pancreatic juices or the rapid mucosal turnover. Is therefore likely that a relative small number of definite microbial species or groups are highly adapted to this particular habitat, then the number of TTGE bands found in our control duodenal samples was lower than others found in different intestinal tracts [11, 12].