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“Nocturnal leg cramps are a frequent cause of sleep disturbance among the general population, especially among the elderly. These painful episodes can delay sleep onset and awaken the patient from sleep, as well as delay subsequent return to sleep. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. Although most cases of leg cramps are idiopathic, multiple secondary causes of sleep-related

leg cramps have been identified as well. In this article, we review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors and discuss the salient Baf-A1 features of the diagnosis and workup. Finally, we review the wide array of behavioral and pharmacologic treatments that have been studied for nocturnal leg cramps.”
“Background: Osteoarthritis is associated with a strong biomechanical component. Persistent pain in the index knee after total knee arthroplasty could lead to pain in the contralateral knee. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether a change in the natural history of pain in the contralateral knee was related to postoperative pain in the index knee.

Methods: Seven hundred and seventy-two patients undergoing primary unilateral www.selleckchem.com/products/LY2603618-IC-83.html total knee arthroplasty with use of the Kinemax prosthesis for the treatment of osteoarthritis comprised the cohort (Kinemax Outcomes Study

cohort). Patients were assessed preoperatively and were followed for twenty-four months after surgery with use of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). We collected separate WOMAC pain scores for the index

knee and the contralateral knee. Our primary outcome measure was the WOMAC pain score (rescaled to 100, with 100 being the best score) for the contralateral knee at three, twelve, and twenty-four months. We examined whether within-subject changes in the WOMAC pain Y-27632 ic50 score for the contralateral knee were predicted by the WOMAC pain score for the index knee at three months with use of linear regression and multilevel models after adjustment for sex, age, country, body mass index, income, and mental well-being.

Results: Improvement in terms of pain was observed in both the index and contralateral knees between baseline and three months. Subsequently, there was a modest deterioration of 3.5 units per year (standard deviation, 9.8 units per year) in the contralateral knee (p <0.001), which was not predicted by pain in the index knee shortly after surgery (p>0.6).

Conclusions: Pain in the index knee at three months after total knee arthroplasty did not appearto predict a symptomatic increase in pain in the contralateral knee over two years of follow-up in our cohort. The contralateral knee did not require any additional clinical surveillance over and above the patients’ reports on their symptoms.”
“Aims: To examine botulinum toxin A (BTX-A)-induced apoptosis in the detrusor muscle in male rats.