Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and
capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were applied to analyze flower scent in dependence of daytime and flower age. The major scent compounds identified were those typical for Narcissus species, monoterpenes and benzenoids, here in form of cis-beta-ocimene and benzyl acetate. The double flower cultivar, with 11 major compounds had a more complex scent profile than the simple flower cultivar with 6 major volatiles. GANT61 concentration Both cultivars showed circadian emission patterns and produced significantly less scent during the night than during the day with a reduction of 40% in double flowers and 37% in single flowers. Four-day old flowers produced 37% and 59% less volatiles in double
and simple flowers compared to freshly cut flowers. Volatile composition this website varied among cultivars, daytime and flower age, however benzyl acetate and cis-beta-ocimene continuously formed the major compounds. Compound flowers with doubled perianth structures produced double amount of scent compared to simple flowers independent of daytime. The drastic differences in volatile production depending on daytime, flower age and flower architecture should be taken into account when using narcissus flowers for the production of absolute fragrance extracts. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose of review
For men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer, there are limited tools to understand the risk of disease progression and guide the treatment decision process. We will provide an overview of current prostate cancer biomarker discovery and validation strategies that are geared toward identifying aggressive, clinically significant disease at the time of diagnosis.
Recent findings
The prostate gland exhibits
multiple genetic events leading to both latent and clinically significant prostate cancer. Recent evidence from clinical translational studies has implicated the role of aneuploidy and copy-number variation as significant predictors of aggressive disease. Furthermore, the regulation of NKX3.1 by Pim-1 has provided a novel mechanism for the Bindarit molecular weight balance between indolence and disease course. Although promising, there are no routine clinically used tissue-based biomarkers for identifying risk of prostate cancer progression at diagnosis. The TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion has provided insight into the early development of prostate cancer but has not been unequivocally associated with aggressive disease. Importantly, the only platform relying on intact tissue profiles is the systems pathology analysis program that includes histomorphometry and quantitative multiplex biomarker assessment (including the evaluation of the prostate cancer stem cell) to construct prognostic algorithms for pretreatment and post-treatment assessment.
Summary
Our objective for this review was to explore the effective use of prostate tissue samples, including fluids, to identify relevant markers of clinically significant disease.