After identifying the response properties of recorded neurons in the classical conditioning task and social interaction, animals received
an intraperitoneal injection of PCP. Our study demonstrated that most VTA neurons responsive to reward-associated stimuli were also activated during social interaction. Such activation of neurons was considerably suppressed by systemic administration of PCP, thus, PCP may affect the firing activity of VTA neurons that are involved in motivation, learning, and social interaction. Disruption of the response of VTA neurons to reward stimuli and socially interactive situations Nirogacestat datasheet may be involved in PCP-induced impairments similar to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. (C) 2013 IBRO. Published
by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives. Studies of intergenerational relationship quality often include one or two generations. This study examined within-family differences and similarities or transmission of positive find more and negative relationship quality across three generations.
Method. Participants included 633 middle-aged individuals (G2; 52% women, ages 40-60 years), 592 of their offspring (G3: 53% daughters: ages 18-41 years), and 337 of their parents (i.e., grandparents; G1; 69% women; ages 59-96 years).
Results. Multilevel models revealed differences and similarities in relationship quality across generations. The oldest generation (G1) reported greater positive and less negative quality relationships than the middle (G2) and the younger (G3) generations. There was limited evidence of transmission. Middle-aged respondents who reported more positive and less negative ties MYO10 with their parents (G1) reported more positive and less negative ties with their own children (G3). Grandmother
(G1) reports of more positive relationship quality were associated with G3 reports of more positive relationship quality with G2.
Discussion. Findings are consistent with the intergenerational stake hypothesis and only partially consistent with the theory of intergenerational transmission. Overall, this study suggests that there is greater within-family variability than similarities in how family members feel about one another.”
“Cholinergically differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were treated with a pathophysiologically relevant, low (300 nM), and a high (3 mu M) dose of amyloid beta 1-42 (Abeta) or 42-1 (revAbeta). At early (1 and 4 h) and late (24 h) time points, the pro- and anti-apoptotic factors – caspase-3 and p53, and B-cell lymphoma 2 protein (Bcl-2), respectively – were assessed together with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release as measure of cell viability and ATP levels as marker of mitochondrial activity.