However, little is known about factors that affect the molecular evolution of the Prochlorococcus core genome. Gene expression level has been reported as an independent factor that influences the rate of protein evolution across taxa [13, 14, 17, 54]. In this study, we have provided evidences selleck screening library that highly conserved genes were more likely to be abundantly expressed, and highly and constantly expressed genes were distributed more in the core genome than

in the flexible genome (Figures 2 and 3). Selection pressure imposes on those highly expressed genes to minimize the great cost (or toxicity) of corresponding mistranslated or error-folded proteins [17, 55]. As the core genes show higher expression levels, these genes accordingly undergo more powerful evolutionary constraints derived from translation and folding [17]. Because TPX-0005 manufacturer efficient and fast mRNA degradation can minimize the use of poor mRNA and thus reduce the production of low-quality polypeptides derived from translation errors [52], highly expressed genes are more likely to be quickly degraded. This in turn increases the cellular fitness of abundantly expressed core genes. Notably, genes involved in protein folding and turnover were stably and highly expressed (Figure 4c). This has also been observed in natural microbial communities revealed by metatranscriptomic data [56]. These findings suggest that Prochlorococcus invests in protein

folding and degradation to ensure protein fidelity, and thus further increases translational robustness. However, it is reasonable to assume that essential genes are more likely abundantly expressed, thus the core genome that is of high LBH589 ic50 necessity has higher expression level. Previous reports have demonstrated the difficulties in accepting this assumption [14, 40]. Our result also suggests that expression level is relatively

independent of gene necessity in Prochlorococcus MED4, as no significant difference in gene expression levels was observed between genes with conserved essential homologs (DEG-hit) and those without homologs (DEG-miss) (Figure 4b). In terms of which one contributing more than the other, the better model is required in the future. The gene necessity (or Selleck Gefitinib indispensability) [57] influences the core genome stabilization because of its essential functions for physiology and metabolism. In particular, we found that energy metabolism, protein synthesis, and protein folding genes were more enriched in HEG within the core genome (Figure 4c). This implies that these central metabolic pathways lie in the most conserved gene pool across the evolutionary history of Prochlorococcus. Therefore, by analyzing mRNA levels, we were able to reach the same conclusion as those drawn by comparative genomics and protein sequence alignments [43]. Additionally, operons were more likely distributed in the core genome than in the flexible genome (Figure 6b).