Evidence from this study suggests

that we are dealing see more with higher C-values than other studies use for forest cover. Average annual sheet and rill erosion across the US for forested landcover is estimated at ∼0.91 ton/acre/yr ( Gianessi et al., 1986), slightly exceeding model estimates of 0.002 and 0.85 ton/acre/yr, based on the minimum and maximum C-values obtained from literature review ( Table 1); however, this metric incorporates values from pristine forests that show very little erosion to silviculture operations that resemble bare soil conditions and are therefore associated with extremely high C-factor values (approaching 1). The absolute maximum C-factor for any type of land cover is a value of 1 in cases of exposed bare soil. Using a C-factor of 1 in the model would generate an estimate of soil loss that would overlap with the range of sediment weight estimates ( Fig. 11), furthermore suggesting that, although we are looking

at a broad envelope of values for sediment sequestered within the pond, we are looking at a very high C-value, possibly on the order of those published by Teh (2011) or Özhan et al. (2005) or higher, which would bring the soil-loss click here estimate into the ballpark of sediment-weight calculations. The C-factor is assumed to have remained constant through time as the extent of forest cover was already well established by 1974 when pond sedimentation initiated; no changes in forest cover are recognized from subsequent aerial

photographs ( Fig. 5). Given that the studied watershed has not undergone significant human-imposed changes, it is surprising to see so much erosion is inferred. Studies of silviculture operations Cell press show erosion rates from clear-cut harvests returning to baseline levels within the first few years after harvesting ( Hood et al., 2002). Assuming that forest conditions have remained unchanged over the last 38 years, we conclude that urban forest cover is highly erosive. The forest ecosystem lacks ecologic complexity that would likely characterize a more natural forest condition, resulting in a higher C-value. In this respect, logging of the old-growth forest in the 1800s has left a continuing mark on the region as second growth forests are less ecologically complex and more susceptible to soil erosion. Refining the C-factor estimate could be undertaken to factor in amount of bare soil, canopy cover, organic content of soil, and on-site storage across the watershed ( Dissmeyer and Foster, 1981); however, this would require much additional field work, arguing against use of the simple USLE for useful soil-loss estimates.