7% of the control group had improved perfusion at 90 days (P = 0.012), and 76.3% (29/38) of preconditioned patients versus 53.3% (16/30) of controls had improved

perfusion at 300 days (P = 0.01) (Meng et al. 2012). The published report did not include follow-up studies of the effect of the Selleckchem Integrase inhibitor preconditioning on the limbs used. Conclusions The idea behind preconditioning is interesting and is supported by animal experimental data. The most likely application in humans is limb preconditioning before procedures or surgeries that pose threats to perfused organs and tissues. This short-term effect is best supported by animal and human preliminary data. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical The application of limb preconditioning Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to procedures that reduce brain perfusion has not been studied at all using end points that quantify brain perfusion or the frequency and extent of brain infarction. There are many problems in applying limb ischemic preconditioning to more chronic situations that limit brain perfusion.

Preconditioning for 300 days (or even for 100 days or less) is not practical. Furthermore in most patients who have strokes or TIAs, recurrence is most frequent in the few days and weeks after the initial event. The safety of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the repeated protracted preconditioning on the limbs has not been studied and may be a problem especially in older stroke patients who are prone to have peripheral atherosclerosis. My Suggestions Acute limb preconditioning can be tested in patients undergoing surgery or procedures

that involve the heart, aorta, and neck and intracranial arteries. Studies have shown that a limited Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical number of inductions during a short period of time are safe and can be performed practically. The frequency and extent of brain infarction would be the best and most clinically important end point to study. No human data is now available that can predict the effectiveness of this strategy. Limb ischemic preconditioning in more chronic situations is much less supported by preliminary data and is much more difficult and impractical to study and carry Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical out. Instead more animal data to better identify the biochemical mediators of the putative neuroprotection is needed before carrying this approach to the clinic. My second guess is that the scheme of using limb preconditioning to prevent strokes will not have a long life but might be very useful in provoking more basic research that better identifies the mechanism of the putative neuroprotective effect. Administering the effective agent or agents induced by the limb ischemia might prove to have much more longevity.
It is well established that aging and vascular processes interact to disrupt cerebral hemodynamics (Hoth 2010; de la Torre 2012). Such effects on the cerebral circulation system are unfortunate, as past work suggests reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF) is a known contributor to cognitive impairment in older adults.