In our case this feature enabled us to build an intelligent sensor with serial output using only one chip�Cthe PSoC, an ultrasonic
Due to environmental concerns and to the limited lifetime of energy Crenolanib clinical resources, an intensive research activity is being carried Bosutinib buy out in energy-efficient protocols and algorithms for wireless networks, trying to reduce the energy consumption of the different network activities.One of the activities that should be optimized Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries is the localization Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of the nodes, as many applications rely on the knowledge of the position of the user or the surrounding objects to provide useful information and services. Furthermore, knowing the position of the nodes can be used to optimize other network aspects, such as routing [1,2] or Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries in-network data compression [3,4], leading to energy savings.
The localization Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of the nodes in wireless Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries networks is usually based on radio Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries frequency techniques [5], which consist in measuring certain parameters of the radio signal that one node receives Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries from other nodes, for example, the angle of arrival (AOA), the time of arrival (TOA) or the received signal strength (RSS). From these measurements, the position of the wireless nodes can be inferred using a triangulation algorithm [6] or by comparing the measurement with others previously saved in a database [7,8].The research in localization for wireless sensor and ad hoc networks is very active, and a number of works have considered the energy consumption as a factor in the design of localization techniques and algorithms.
This is a critical issue, since wireless devices have limited energy Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries resources (batteries), which should be efficiently managed in order to extend the life of the network as much as possible [9]. AV-951 Consequently, practical and effective solutions are needed to perform the localization in an energy-efficient way.Approaches that include the use of dedicated hardware specially designed for this purpose [10] cannot be used with commercial off-the-shelf systems. On the other hand, given that the radio system is the most energy demanding part of a wireless node [11,12], Entinostat whereas the other elements (processor, memory, etc.
) consume significantly less energy, solutions Site URL List 1|]# that focus on reducing the computational complexity of the localization algorithms [13,14] will not contribute to significantly reduce the global energy consumption. Therefore, to effectively reduce the amount of energy that is consumed during the localization, the aim should be put on reducing the amount of time that the nodes are communicating. In other words, the transmitted/received signals that are used to measure the parameter in which the localization is based (e.g., RSS, TOA) should be kept to the minimum.However, energy consumption cannot be considered independently.