When calculations in main series were impossible due to the lack of particular data, they were performed through the use of LY3023414 informative BI-2536 subset with indication

of the exact number of entered cases. In order to assess outcomes of visceral, vascular, skeletal, nerve injuries as well as outcomes of major surgery after stabbing or shootings, the 95% confidence intervals of odds ratios were calculated. In order to detect differences in injury related with stabbing or shooting patterns and outcomes between two independent proportions a Z-test was chosen and employed as both sample sizes were greater than 30. The two-tailed test was used to assess the null hypothesis. Chi-square test with Yates’ correction was employed to compare categorical “”alive – dead”" outcome. Two-tailed p values were calculated where by P < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Microsoft Office XP Excel 2007 Worksheets were used for accumulation and analysis of data. Results Literature search We identified four literature reviews [6–9], two prospective studies [11, 12], twelve retrospective reviews [2–5, 10, 13–19], seventeen papers with case reports [6, 8, 20–33], and three commentaries [34–36]. 31 publication contributed patient

data on a total of 664 patients. Although individual studies chosen for review had some variations in specific measures, they were conceptually similar. No articles reported population-based data on overall and type-specified buttock injury in relation to incidence and mortality. Torin 1 price There were no systematic fantofarone reviews or prospective randomised controlled trials identified. A summary of two prospective and twelve retrospective studies are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Major endpoints of two prospective [11, 12] and twelve retrospective reviews on penetrating buttock injury in acute trauma setting Study/reference Period years Patients Male Mean age Viscus/major vessel injury Bony ring injury Mean ISS Major surgery*

Overall mortality Morbidity in survivals Concominant injuries Hospital stay† Cited articles Contribution/concern Velmahos et al.[11] (1997) 1 59 58 23 17 (29%) 5 (8%) – 19(32.2%) 0 3 (15.8%) High 7.2 11 Clinical examination is very accurate Velmahos et al.[12] (1998) 1 10 – - – - – - 0 – - – 14 Clinical examination is a reliable predictor Maull et al. [13] (1979) 5 15 11 29 6 (54.5%) – - 12 0 5 (33%) 0 12 0 Liberal laparotomy advocated Ivatury et al. [4] (1982) 4 60 57 – 16 (26.7%) 3 (5%) – 16 (26.7%) 2 (3%) 14 (23%) – 2 vs 18 3 Aggressive management Vo et al. [5] (1983) 5 20 18 32 5 (25%) 2 (10%) – 12 (60%) 0 5 (25%) 10 (50%) – 2 Bullet’s trajectory is important Fallon et al. [14] (1988) – 51 43 28.9 16 (31%) 0 – 25 (49%) 0 4 (8%) High – 4 Thorough evaluation and all investigations Gilroy et al. [15] ( 1992) 6 8 7 33 8 – - 8 2 (25%) 0 0 – 9 Danger of gluteal incision: vessels Mercer et al.