Results: Of 862 participants, 40% were men, most were Black and unemployed, and more than half had ever been incarcerated. Prevalence of past year substance use was high: binge drinking (59%); marijuana (50%); non-injection crack (28%); heroin and/or cocaine injection (28%), non-injection cocaine (13%); and ecstasy (13%). In the hierarchical classification, 25% were ever IDU, 15% non-injection crack users, 2% non-injection heroin and/or cocaine users, 31% marijuana users, and 27%
reported no drug use. Overall HIV seroprevalence was 5.7% and differed by drug use group-9.5%, 11.1%, 1.8%, 1.6%, and 3.2%, respectively. Nearly half reported having >3 sex partners in the past year; 20% reported exchange partners, and BAY 73-4506 solubility dmso 69% had concurrent sex partners.
Conclusion: Estimated prevalence of substance use in this heterosexual population was high. HIV prevalence among IDUs and non-injection crack users was higher than the estimated population prevalence in Washington, DC. Sexual behaviors above and beyond drug use are likely to be driving HIV transmission. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Basic and applied studies based on biodiversity data need accurate information on the
distribution of species. However, several studies clearly show that this information is frequently biased, mainly as a consequence of aggregated survey patterns in which taxonomists repeately select localities with specific characteristics. In this study, we have constructed three different but simple virtual species richness scenarios to simulate the capacity of random, aggregated or regular buy FK228 survey designs to reveal the true biodiversity pattern. We are specifically interested in the effect of taxonomist insistence on surveying those localities that guarantee success in LDK378 solubility dmso the collection of as many species as possible (species richness bias), and on the coordinated or uncoordinated character of the efforts carried out by the whole community of taxonomists. In all simulated species richness scenarios,
a survey directed towards those localities that were previously recognized as having a higher species richness value is not recommended if the aim is to recover the true geographical pattern of species richness in a given territory. This aggregated process of allocating survey localities is probably caused by the primary aim of taxonomists, which is to acquire specimens of rare species and/or as many species as possible. However, an increase in taxonomist curiosity towards non-surveyed localities near those previously identified as the richest allows one to obtain better results, provided that the species richness pattern is not too patchy and tie effort for discovering the true map is not too difficult. Our results suggest that planned survey designs are necessary when most of the data comes from studies not specifically designed to reveal the distribution of biodiversity.