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“The present report examined the effects of midbrain raphe nuclei injections of nitric oxide

synthase inhibitors NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and 7-nitroindazole CB-839 solubility dmso (7-NI) on eating behavior. L-NAME (5-500 pmol) and 7-NI (2-200 pmol) were administered into either the dorsal or median raphe nucleus. Both nitric oxide synthase inhibitors decreased food intake in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats when injected into either raphe site. Further, eating elicited by dorsal and median raphe injections of the 5-HT(1A) agonist 8-OH-DPAT (0.8 nmol) was attenuated by L-NAME or 7-NI pretreatment. Our findings indicate that nitric oxide acts within the raphe to alter food intake. The inhibitory effects of L-NAME and 7-NI on eating elicited by 8-OH-DPAT further suggest that nitric oxide and 5-HT systems interact in the control of food intake. NeuroReport 22:696-699 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“The innermost

VP2 core shell AZD1480 mw of the triple-layered, icosahedral rotavirus particle surrounds the viral genome and RNA processing enzymes, including the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (VP1). In addition to anchoring VP1 within the core, VP2 is also an essential cofactor that triggers the polymerase to initiate double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) synthesis using packaged plus-strand RNA templates. The VP2 requirement effectively couples packaging with genome replication and ensures that VP1 makes dsRNA only within an assembling previrion particle. However, the mechanism by which the rotavirus core shell protein activates the viral polymerase remains very poorly understood. In the current study, we sought to elucidate VP2 regions

critical for VP1-mediated in vitro dsRNA synthesis. By comparing the functions of proteins from several different rotaviruses, we found that polymerase activation by the core shell protein is specific. Through truncation and chimera mutagenesis, we demonstrate that the VP2 amino terminus, which forms a decameric, internal Molecular motor hub underneath each 5-fold axis, plays an important but nonspecific role in VP1 activation. Our results indicate that the VP2 residues correlating with polymerase activation specificity are located on the inner face of the core shell, distinct from the amino terminus. Based on these findings, we predict that several regions of VP2 engage the polymerase during the concerted processes of rotavirus core assembly and genome replication.”
“Prism adaptation may alleviate some symptoms of spatial neglect. However, the mechanism through which this technique works is still unclear. This study investigated whether prism adaptation differentially affects dysfunction in perceptual-attentional ‘where’ bias versus motor-intentional ‘aiming’ bias. Five neglect patients performed a line bisection task in which lines were viewed under both normal and right-left reversed viewing conditions, allowing for the fractionation of ‘where’ and ‘aiming’ spatial bias components.