Steinberg analyzed diagnostic value of CA 19-9 serum levels (37-40 U/mL) in 1040 patients (24 case series) with symptomatic pancreatic cancer and

reported a median DNA Damage inhibitor sensitivity and specificity of 81% and 90% respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of an elevated serum CA 19-9 level was 72.3% and 95.8% respectively. If the serum CA 19-9 threshold used to diagnose pancreatic cancer was raised to 100 U/mL Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical or 1000 U/mL, the specificity increased to 98% and 99.8%, however the sensitivity decreased to 68% and 41% respectively (20). More recently, Goonetilleke et al. analyzed the utility of CA 19-9 serum levels (37-40 U/mL) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to diagnose pancreatic cancer among 2,283 symptomatic patients reported in 26 case-series (17). In this report, the sensitivity and specificity of an elevated serum CA 19-9

level was 79% and 82% with a PPV and NPV of 72% and 81% respectively. Overall, an elevated serum CA 19-9 level has a sensitivity of 79-81% and a specificity of 82-90% for diagnosing pancreatic cancer in symptomatic patients (14). Utility of CA 19-9 serum levels in assessment of pancreatic cancer stage and determination of surgical resectability The value of pre-operative serum CA 19-9 levels to predict pancreatic cancer stage and determine resectability has been extensively studied Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (21-26) (Table 2). Kim et al. evaluated CA 19-9 serum levels in 114 pancreatic cancer patients who underwent either pancreatic

resection (n=72) or palliative bypass surgery (n=42). These authors reported a positive correlation between pancreatic cancer stage and mean pre-operative CA 19-9 serum levels. In this Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical study stage IA patients had a mean serum CA 19-9 level of 40.05 U/mL, stage IIA patients had mean serum levels of 469.64 U/mL, stage IIB patients had mean serum levels of 747.79 U/mL, stage III patients had mean serum levels of 709 U/mL, while stage IV patients had a mean serum CA 19-9 levels of 3239 U/mL (25). Safi et al. compiled preoperative CA 19-9 serum levels in 126 patients with resectable pancreatic cancer (22). Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical In this study, 29 of 45 patients (64%) with stage I pancreatic cancer had Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase elevated CA 19-9 with a median level of 68 U/mL (range, 9.0-3018 U/mL). Eight of 10 patients (80%) with stage II pancreatic cancer had elevated serum CA 19-9 level with a median levels of 72 U/mL (range, 8.4-5000 U/mL). Eighty one percent (47 out of 58) of patients with stage III disease had an elevated CA 19-9 levels (median, 210 U/mL, range, 2-7496 U/mL) and 100% of patients (n=13) with stage IV disease had an elevated CA 19-9 serum levels (median 412 U/mL, range, 49.6-14,600 U/mL). In an effort to correlate advanced stage disease with higher CA 19-9 serum levels, these authors also noted that an elevated pretreatment CA 19-9 serum level of ≥300 U/mL indicated unresectable disease in 80% of patients.