However, the prior experiments did not evaluate the DOPC or the cationic lipid DOTAP. Furthermore, Rh was added either in isotonic HEPES buffer (pH = 7.4–7.7) or in 5% (w/w) aqueous solution of glucose (GLU; pH = 4.2–7.8) to the dry lipid films. For the purpose of coencapsulating DTO with Rh, the Rh encapsulation efficiency

must be determined for the same lipid compositions Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and in the same hydrating systems as in the case of DTO. The optimal liposome composition for Rh encapsulation was the 90:10 ratio of POPC to Chol with the use of DOTAP. Also, the 3.0mol% DOTAP again increased the encapsulation efficiency for most of the different liposomal compositions (Table 2). 3.2. Coencapsulation of DTO and Rhodanese For the coencapsulation of DTO and Rh, the combination of POPC, Chol, PEG-PE-2000, and DOTAP (with molar ratios of 82.7:9.2:5.1:3.0) was Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical chosen as the most adequate liposome composition. The mentioned composition

of sterically stabilized, positively charged liposomes performed the best in the coencapsulation, with a coencapsulation efficiency for Rh and DTO of 88.6 ± 17.1% (with a Rh load of 0.25mg/mL and a DTO concentration of 30mM). As the coencapsulation efficiency was determined on the basis of SCN formation by SL-Rh-DTO; the given value represents the combined effect of Rh and DTO in CN conversion. For the sake of comparison, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical encapsulation efficiency for the coencapsulated Rh alone—with 0.25mg/mL concentration—was 74%, while for DTO alone—with 10mM DTO load—was 57.7 ± 8.1%. Increasing the concentration of DTO produced similar encapsulation efficiencies, than Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in case of 10mM. With DTO loads of 20mM and 30mM for the coencapsulated DTO encapsulation efficiencies of 55.6 ± 4.0% and 61.6 ± 17.6% were measured, respectively. The conversion of CN to SCN by the coencapsulation of 10mM, 20mM, and 30mM DTO with Rh also Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical proved to remain linear with an R2 value of 0.9930. The ability to co-encapsulate DTO, or any other sulfur donor molecule with Rh should provide better overall conversion of CN, since the sulfur donor no longer

has to penetrate the liposome membrane. 3.3. In Vivo Efficacy Testing In vivo evaluation of the optimized liposomal preparations made from DTO/(DTO + TS) and/or Rh were tested as cyanide antidotes on a mice model. Based on the above optimization efforts, for further in vivo evaluations we employed 3% DOTAP; 0.25mg/mL Rh load, 30mM DTO load with Carfilzomib the lipid composition of POPC:Chol:PEG-PE-2000:DOTAP = 82.7 : 9.2 : 5.1 : 3.0. The in vivo efficacy was expressed as antidotal potency ratio (APR). The in vivo prophylactic treatment results with Rh and DTO/TS encapsulated within the optimized liposomal formulations are shown in Table 4. SL-DTO alone provided a our website protection with an APR of 2.2. (Table 4 experiment 2). This protection was enhanced (APR = 4.8) when TS was coencapsulated with DTO in a molar ratio of 1:1 (Table 4 experiment 3).